Blake v. State

Bond, C. J\, delivered the opinion of the Court. The appellant, convicted by a jury of the crime of rape, and sentenced to- death, brings before this court for review five questions or groups of questions presented by exceptions to action of the trial court. The testimony was that a young woman, returning to her home, in the suburbs of Baltimore, about 1.80 o’clock on the morning of March 22nd, 1928, after working on a night shift at her place of employment, was seized by a young man loitering by a wooded section near her home, dragged into the woods, and forcibly ravished. The accused denied that he was present at the time and place specified, or that he knew anything of the crime.

As in most of the reported eases, the ⁷⁸ trial was almost wholly on the question of identity of the man. The testimony that the crime was committed by some man was not replied to. But, of course, as the commission of the crime by some man was not actually admitted, it was essential that it be proved in all its elements; and there was testimony covering these, given by the prosecuting witness herself, and by others. A Mr. and Mrs. Hiss, living near the place of commission of the crime, testified that they were startled that morning, at approximately the time specified by the girl as that of the crime, by an insistent ringing of their door bell, and, finding at their door this young woman crying and in a hysterical condition, disheveled and somewhat muddy, admitted her and asked what was the matter.

They said she told them of having been dragged into the woods and assaulted as just stated, and added, referring to a fresh discoloration and bruise on her neck, that that was where the man had tried to choke her, that he had choked her so hard that her tongue came out of her mouth, choked her so hard that she could not scream, until he relaxed pressure, and when he did so, she had screamed. Hpon objection to this testimony as exceeding the limits of the mere fact of complaint, made a fact regularly admitted in these cases, the trial court ruled that no statements of the girl’s then made concerning the identity of the man, the chief subject of dispute, could be repeated, but that other statements might be repeated. And this distinction has support in some decisions and in the summary of the law in 2 Bishop, Criminal Procedure, sec. 963, which says: “There is considerable room for strengthening her testimony in this way, especially where she exhibits marks of violence in connection with expressions indicative of her physical condition. But aside from and beyond this, it is competent to show by her, or by others, or both, that after the alleged rape, especially recently after, she complained of it to suitable persons, and exhibited, if such was the fact, marks of violence and other like indications, as confirmatory of her sworn testimony, * * *.

Neither the particulars of her complaint nor tfie ⁷⁹ name of the person whom she accused can, by the English and more prevalent American practice, thus be given.” This court in Parker v. Stale, 67 Aid. 329, decided that only the fact of complaint could be testified to, not the particulars. And see Legore v. State, 87 Md. 735 . In these cases, too, the question of identity of the man was the main subject of controversy; and they may leave some room for question as to the scope of a mere complaint, as distinguished from the particulars, if anything more than an answer yes or no is to be permitted to a question whether a complaint was made. The cases cited by Bishop for the statement just quoted do not clearly support him, if he means that the girl’s explanation of marks of violence may be repeated.

The greater number of the American courts which have excluded particulars of the complaint appear to have taken the view that they could permit only the answer yes or no to a question whether a complaint was made; and that was the English view until 1896, when it was decided that this distinction between the complaint, and the particulars of it was based on a misreading of the old nisi prius case upon which it was founded (Rex v. Clarke, 2 Stark N. P. 241), and that it was an unreasonable one. Reg. v. Lillyman (1896), 2 Q. B. 167; Russell, Crimes & Misdemeanors (8th ed.), 903. It had often before been, described as unreasonable. Parke, B. in Reg. v. Walker, 2 Moody & R. 212; People v. Clemons, 37 Hun. 580 , 587.

It has not been the1, practice in this state to restrict the testimony of a complaint to a mere yes or no answer. Some statement of the nature of the complaint has been regarded as admissible, at least for (he purpose of showing the character of the act complained of, and we think this a proper application of the rule. And it seems clear that the line of distinction beyond that cannot be one rigidly fixed, because of the variations in cases and their details. In this case the details given added nothing to the character of the crime, but amounted rather to a specification of the force which made it a crime.

And they did not bear on the question of identity of the man. The girl and several other witnesses testified in court to the same marks and the same causes. In our opinion, the pre ⁸⁰ vious statement of details objected to, even if beyond tbe strict limit of the rule, was not so material that its repetition by Mr. and Mrs. Hiss should be treated as vitiating tbe trial and requiring a second trial of tbe case. We bold, therefore, that no reversible error was committed in this respect.

A second group of exceptions presents a question of tbe admission of statements of a police officer who bad been summoned at once to tbe scene of tbe crime, that there was a mart on tbe side of tbe girl’s neck as if she bad been grabbed by a band, and that be knew from experience what tbe gripping strength of a man was, what impression it would bring, what results it would show afterwards, and what a grab of a band would mean around any one’s throat. A physician bad previously testified, without objection, that tbe mark appeared to have been made by finger prints. Tbe objection made to tbe police officer’s testimony is that it amounted to an opinion by an expert witness on a question which tbe jury should have been allowed to decide for itself. But tbe jury could not see tbe mark and judge of its cause.

And tbe evidence does not come within tbe ordinary category of expert opinion, but is rather that of a direct witness to tbe mark who bad bad experience with similar marks and was telling of tbe similarity. It would seem to be in tbe same category as tbe identification of such things as powder marks or odors by men who knew them. Dabney v. State, 113 Ala. 38 ; State v. Buck, 88 Kans. 114 . This objection is not well taken.

Exceptions in a third group are to tbe admission of questions to a police officer called as a witness by tbe State, and later to tbe accused, on declarations of tbe prosecuting witness when she first saw tbe accused at tbe police station on tbe night after tbe commission of tbe crime. Objection was made on tbe ground that tbe repetition of those declarations constituted hearsay testimony, that it was not rendered admissible by tbe presence of tbe accused inasmuch as there was no admission by him in reply, and that bis silence or denial was not material under tbe circumstances. On tbe direct examination of tbe prosecuting witness, she bad testified that she bad gone to tbe station to examine photographs and bad found ⁸¹ one of a man resembling the accused, and while engaged in this she had seen the accused in the corridor with detectives and identified him, and on cross-examination denied that she had at this earlier identification been uncertain and made mistakes, and had identified photographs of men in prison or dead. And she was asked as to previous knowledge by her that the man was to be brought in, and as to preparatory descriptions given to her, and also as to opportunities to see the face of the man during the commission of the crime.

Subsequent witnesses were then questioned by the State on this earlier identification at the police station, and three of them testified that the prosecuting witness did then identify the man without prompting, two of the witnesses, still without objection, described the examination of the photographs, and said the girl saw Blake in an adjoining room first, identified him at once, and speaking to him afterwards declared to him that he was the man who had assaulted her, and from whom she liad begged and received her rosary. The last of these three witnesses had just stated that when Blake was brought before the girl she accused him of the crime, and he was then asked the question to which objection was made: What took place in detail when the man was taken in before the girl ? And the question was next objected to during the State’s cross-examination of Blake, lie was asked to tell what the girl said to him when she saw him; and he replied that he could not say exactly what she said. This second question therefore brought no objectionable testimony, if the earlier question did.

It has been questioned whether this evidence of the policeman should not be regarded as a reply to an attack on the ability of the prosecuting witness at the police station to make an identification of the accused with certainty, rather than as a reproduction of statements as proof of the facts then asserted. The view of the writer of the opinion is that such is the nature of the evidence. But a majority of the judges take the view that it was a reproduction of statements as proof of the facts asserted, and should have been excluded as hearsay testimony, and that its admission was likely to be injurious to the accused when admitted, ⁸² by being taken to imply an acquiescence or confession by the accused, which would be unjustified. The court holds therefore that there was error in the ruling here excepted to.

A fourth ruling to be reviewed is this: A coat, identified as belonging to the accused and as resembling the coat worn by the perpetrator of the crime, had been offered in evidence and exhibited to the jury at an early stage of the trial, and then held in the court room. According to the testimony, Blake was arrested at about 6 o’clock in the evening of the day of the crime, March 22nd, and the officers had procured the coat from his house at that time and ’ taken it to the police station. And it appears from the record, too, that it was in the possession of the police thenceforth. The accused admitted that it was his coat, and that he had worn it on March 22nd, but