Burruss v. Board of County Commissioners

GREENE, J. On March 10, 2011, the Board of County Commissioners of Frederick County (BOCC) appointed a nine-member charter board, in accordance with the provisions of Md. Const, art. XI-A, § 1A. 1 Article XI-A, section 1A of the Maryland Constitution provides that, upon satisfaction of certain requirements, the board of county commissioners shall hold a special election for consideration of additional nominated charter board members. To request a special election under this provision, a petition must be submitted to the board of county commissioners containing the signatures of three percent of the regis ²³⁶ tered voters in the county or two thousand registered voters, whichever is less. Md. Const, art.

XI-A, § 1A. Ellis C. Burruss and other individuals who sought membership on the charter board (collectively, Petitioners) 2 circulated a petition in support of nominating candidates for consideration at a special election. On May 9, 2011, Petitioners submitted to the BOCC a petition purporting to contain 2,915 signatures of registered voters in Frederick County. The Frederick County Board of Elections (the Board) thereafter engaged in the process of validating, verifying, and counting the petition entries.

Upon review of the petition submitted by Petitioners, and the signatures contained therein, the Board determined that Petitioners did not satisfy the statutory and constitutional requirements necessary for the BOCC to call a special election. Specifically, the Board determined that many of the submitted petition signatures were invalid under Md.Code (2002, 2010 RepLVol.), § 6-203 of the Election Law Article, 3 as interpreted by this Court in Montgomery Cnty. Volunteer ²³⁷ Fire-Rescue Ass’n v. Montgomery Cnty. Bd. of Elections, 418 Md. 463 , 15 A.3d 798 (2011) [hereinafter Fire-Rescue].

Stuart Harvey, Election Director and Chief Election Official, notified the BOCC of the Board’s determination. 4 Pursuant to Md.Code (2002, 2010 RepLVoL), § 6-209 of the Election Law Article, Petitioners filed a Petition for Judicial Review in the Circuit Court for Frederick County seeking a declaratory judgment that the Board incorrectly applied the law regarding validation of petition signatures and that the applicable law was whether there was “sufficient cumulative information,” a phrase appearing in Fire-Rescue, from which the Board could identify a signatory on a petition as a registered voter in Frederick County. Petitioners also claimed that the doctrine of offensive non-mutual issue preclusion bound Respondents to the determinations of law made by the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County in Libertarian Party, et al. v. Md. State Bd. of Elections, et al. 5 In their alternative argument, Petitioners contended that if the court ²³⁸ did not adopt their suggested “sufficient cumulative information” standard for validation of petition signatures, § 6-203(a) and COMAR § 33.06.03.06B(1) 6 should be declared unconstitutional. Following a hearing on the various issues, the Circuit Court judge affirmed the determination made by the Board that the petition contained an insufficient number of valid signatures to require the BOCC to hold a special election. The judge stated, in open court, essentially that the signature validation requirements in § 6-203(a) were mandatory and that Fire-Rescue did not establish a “sufficient cumulative information” standard.

The judge further determined that the doctrine of offensive non-mutual issue preclusion did not apply because the parties in the instant case were not parties in the Anne Arundel County case and because the issues in each case were different. Finally, the judge reasoned that no matter what level of scrutiny applied to the enactments at issue, the enactments were not unconstitutional. Petitioners noted an appeal to the Court of Special Appeals. Around the same time, Petitioners filed a petition for writ of ²³⁹ certiorari, and Respondents filed a cross-petition and a Motion to Dismiss. 7 Prior to any proceedings in the intermediate appellate court, this Court issued a writ of certiorari to consider the issues presented in Petitioners’ petition.

We declined, however, to grant certiorari to consider the cross-petition, and we denied the Motion to Dismiss. Burruss v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs of Frederick Cnty., 424 Md. 54 , 33 A.3d 981 (2011). We have rephrased the following questions 8 posed by Petitioners: 1.

Did the Frederick County Board of Elections apply the correct standard for reviewing and validating petition signa ²⁴⁰ tures under Md.Code (2002, 2010 Repl.VbL), § 6-203(a) of the Election Law Article, as interpreted by the Court in Fire-Rescue? 2. In light of the declaratory judgment issued in the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County, in the case of Libertarian Party, et al. v. Md. State Bd. of Elections, et al., that the “sufficient cumulative information” standard is the correct standard to apply when validating and counting petition signatures, does the doctrine of offensive non-mutual collateral estoppel apply to preclude Respondents in the present case from relitigating that issue? 3. Do the signature validation requirements in § 6-203(a) and COMAR § 33.06.03.06B(1) violate the Maryland Constitution or the Maryland Declaration of Rights? ²⁴¹ In accordance with our recent opinion in Md. State Bd. of Elections v. Libertarian Party, 426 Md. 488 , 44 A.3d 1002 (2012), we shall hold that the Board applied the correct standard for reviewing and validating petition signatures under § 6-203(a) of the Election Law Article, as interpreted by this Court in Doe v. Montgomery Cnty. Bd. of Elections, 406 Md. 697 , 962 A.2d 342 (2008) and Fire-Rescue.

Furthermore, we hold that the doctrine of collateral estoppel is not applicable to the circumstances of this case. Lastly, we hold that the mandatory petition signature requirements in § 6-203(a) and COMAR § 33.06.03.06B(1) are not unconstitutional. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND Article XI-A, § 1A of the Maryland Constitution provides that the board of county commissioners may appoint a charter board for the purpose of drafting and presenting a charter to the voters of the county. After appointing the charter board, [i]f additional charter board members are nominated by petitions signed by three percent of the registered voters of the county or by two thousand registered voters, whichever is the lesser number, delivered to the board of county commissioners within sixty days after the charter board is appointed, the board of county commissioners shall call a special election not less than thirty or more than ninety days after receiving petitions, unless a regular election falls within the designated period.

Md. Const, art. XI-A, § 1A. Article XI-A, § 7 of the Maryland Constitution defines “petition” and grants the General Assembly certain powers in connection with petitions: The word “Petition” as used in this Article means one or more sheets written or printed, or partly written and partly printed. There shall be attached to each paper of signatures filed with a petition an affidavit of the person procuring those signatures that the signatures were affixed in his presence and that, based upon the person’s best knowledge and belief, every signature on the paper is genuine and bona fide and that the signers are registered voters at the ²⁴² address set opposite or below their names.

The General Assembly shall prescribe by law the form of the petition, the manner for verifying its authenticity, and other administrative procedures which facilitate the petition process and which are not in conflict with this Article. The false signing of any name, or the signing of any fictitious name to said petition shall be forgery, and the making of any false affidavit in connection with said petition shall be perjury. In accordance with the provisions of Article XI-A, § 7 of the Maryland Constitution, Title 6 of the Election Law Article provides a two-step process, involving validation and verification, for counting signatures on a petition. 9 The signature validation procedure is outlined in Md.Code (2002, 2010 Repl. Vol.), § 6-203 of the Election Law Article: (a) In general. — To sign a petition, an individual shall: (1) sign the individual’s name as it appears on the statewide voter registration list or the individual’s surname of registration and at least one full given name and the initials of any other names; and (2) include the following information, printed or typed, in the spaces provided: (i) the signer’s name as it was signed; (ii) the signer’s address; (iii) the date of signing; and (iv) other information required by regulations adopted by the State Board. ²⁴³ (b) Validation and counting. — The signature of an individual shall be validated and counted if: (1) the requirements of subsection (a) of this section have been satisfied; (2) the individual is a registered voter assigned to the county specified on the signature page and, if applicable, in a particular geographic area of the county; (3) the individual has not previously signed the same petition; (4) the signature is attested by an affidavit appearing on the page on which the signature appears; (5) the date accompanying the signature is not later than the date of the affidavit on the page; and (6) if applicable, the signature was affixed within the requisite period of time, as specified by law.

COMAR § 33.06.03.06B was enacted for the purpose of implementing the petition signature validation procedures outlined in § 6-203(a): When signing the signature page, each signer shall: (1) Sign the individual’s name as it appears on the Statewide voter registration list or the individual’s surname of registration and at least one full given name and the initials of any other names; and (2) Provide the following information, to be printed or typed in the appropriate spaces: (a) Date of signing, (b) Signer’s name as it was signed, and (c) Current residence address, including house number, street name, apartment number (if applicable), town, and ZIP code. The signature verification procedure is outlined in Md.Code (2002, 2010 RepLVol.), § 6-207 of the Election Law Article: (a) In general. — (1) Upon the filing of a petition, and unless it has been declared deficient under § 6-206 of this subtitle, the staff of the election authority shall proceed to ²⁴⁴ verify the signatures and count the validated signatures contained in the petition. (2) The purpose of signature verification under paragraph (1) of this subsection is to ensure that the name of the individual who signed the petition is listed as a registered voter. (b) State Board to establish process. — The State Board, by regulation, shall establish the process to be followed by all election authorities for verifying and counting signatures on petitions.

In the instant case, the BOCC appointed a nine-member charter board on March 10, 2011. Petitioners subsequently circulated a petition to obtain the 2,000 signatures 10 necessary to nominate additional charter board members for consideration in a special election. On May 9, 2011, Petitioners submitted to the BOCC a petition nominating additional charter board members and purporting to contain 2,915 signatures of registered voters in Frederick County. Pursuant to § 6-203(a) and COMAR § 33.06.03.06B(1), the Board began the process of validating the submitted petition signatures.

The Board determined that 1,742 petition signatures were valid, concluding that many of the entries were invalid due to signature defects such as an omitted first or middle name or initial. Because the petition did not contain a sufficient number of petition entries, as determined by the Board, the BOCC declined to call a special election for consideration of the nominated charter board members. On May 20, 2011, Petitioners filed a Petition for Judicial Review in the Circuit Court for Frederick County, pursuant to Md.Code (2002, 2010 RepLVol.), § 6-209 of the Election Law ²⁴⁵ Article. Petitioners claimed that, in accordance with this Court’s opinion in Fire-Rescue, the correct standard for the Board to apply when validating signatures on a petition is the “sufficient cumulative information” standard.

According to Petitioners, under that standard, a signature should be validated if there is sufficient cumulative information in the petition entry to identify the signer. Petitioners maintained that the legal determinations made by the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County in Libertarian Party, et al. v. Md. State Bd. of Elections, et al. — namely, the trial judge’s adoption of a “sufficient cumulative information” standard — bound Respondents in this case under the doctrine of offensive non-mutual issue preclusion. Lastly, Petitioners asserted that if the hearing judge declined to adopt a “sufficient cumulative information” standard or to apply offensive non-mutual issue preclusion, the judge should conclude that § 6-203(a) and COMAR § 33.06.03.06B(1) are unconstitutional. Subsequently, Respondents filed a Motion to Dismiss or, in the Alternative, a Motion for Summary Judgment and a Request for a Hearing.

The Motion was based on Respondents’ claim that the Petition for Judicial Review failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. Respondents asserted that the time within which a special election could be called had passed; therefore, the action was moot and the court could not grant the relief requested by Petitioners. Respondents requested that, in the event the court decided to consider Petitioners’ claims, the judge affirm the Board’s determination that the petition submitted to the BOCC did not contain the requisite number of signatures to require the BOCC to call a special election. Petitioners thereafter answered Respondents’ Motion and filed a Motion for Summary Judgment, seeking a declaratory judgment and a remand for the Board to evaluate the invalidated signatures under the alleged “sufficient cumulative information” standard.

A hearing was held on October 7, 2011, in the Circuit Court for Frederick County to consider the issues presented in the papers filed by the parties. The judge’s Order, issued on the ²⁴⁶ same date, affirmed the determinations made by the Board in its evaluation of the petition submitted by Petitioners. The judge explained his reasoning in open court, stating that collateral estoppel did not apply because Respondents were not parties in the Libertarian Party case in Anne Arundel County and the issues presented in both cases were different. The judge also concluded that the requirements of § 6-203(a) were mandatory and, therefore, the “sufficient cumulative information” standard did not apply.

Finally, the judge noted that the purpose of the requirements in § 6-203(a) is to prevent fraud and to ensure that petition signers are aware of what they are signing. While the judge did not apply a particular level of scrutiny in analyzing the constitutionality of § 6-203(a) and COMAR § 33.06.03.06B(1), he determined that those enactments would -withstand any level of scrutiny. DISCUSSION I. Requirements of § 6-203 The parties in this case offer substantially the same arguments as those presented by the parties in Md. State Bd. of Elections v. Libertarian Party, 426 Md. 488 , 44 A.3d 1002 (2012) regarding interpretation of the phrase “sufficient cumulative. information” in Montgomery Cnty. Volunteer Fire-Rescue Ass’n v. Montgomery Cnty.

Bd. of Elections, 418 Md. 463 , 15 A.3d 798 (2011). Petitioners in this case claim that in Fire-Rescue, this Court announced a new “sufficient cumulative information” standard that State and local boards of elections must employ in their validation of petition signatures under § 6-203(a). In contrast to this position, Respondents assert that Petitioners distort the Court’s holding in Fire-Rescue, and that the requirements of § 6-203(a) are mandatory. As we stated recently in Libertarian Party , our interpretation in Doe v. Montgomery Cnty.

Bd. of Elections, 406 Md. 697 , 962 A.2d 342 (2008) of the mandatory nature of § 6-203(a) was not modified by our holding in Fire-Rescue. Rather, Fire-Rescue merely addressed the issue of illegible petition signatures. Thus, as stated correctly by the Circuit Court ²⁴⁷ judge in the present case, the petition signature requirements contained in § 6-203(a) are mandatory. In Libertarian Party , we discussed the facts of Doe , which involved a petition for referendum to overturn a bill enacted by the Montgomery County Council to add gender identity as a protected characteristic under the County’s anti-discrimination laws.

Doe, 406 Md. at 702 , 962 A.2d at 344-45 . Several citizens in Montgomery County subsequently filed a Complaint, challenging the validity of the petition and seeking a declaratory judgment. Doe, 406 Md. at 703 , 962 A.2d at 345 . On review of the trial judge’s grant of summary judgment, we determined that the words “shall” and “requirements” in § 6-203 reflected a mandatory directive that the signer must comply with all of the provisions of the statute.

Doe, 406 Md. at 728 , 962 A.2d at 360 . We then discussed the facts and holding in Fire-Rescue: Several years after Doe , this Court decided Fire-Rescue. In Fire-Rescue, the Montgomery County Council signed into law a bill that established an emergency services transport fee. Fire-Rescue, 418 Md. at 466, 15 A.3d at 799-800 .

The Fire-Rescue Association thereafter sponsored a petition to challenge the bill through referendum. Fire-Rescue, 418 Md. at 466 , 15 A.3d at 800 . Following the Association’s submission of petition entries, the County Board decided not to certify the petition because it did not contain the requisite number of valid signatures. Fire-Rescue, 418 Md. at 467 , 15 A.3d at 800 .

The Association filed a Complaint for declaratory relief, challenging the County Board’s refusal to certify the petition and place the referendum issue on the ballot. Id. In its Complaint, the Association objected to the Board’s rejection of many entries based on legibility issues with the signatures in those entries. Fire-Rescue, 418 Md. at 468 , 15 A.3d at 800-801 .

The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of the Board, “concluding that it had not acted arbitrarily or capriciously in rejecting illegible or partially legible signatures pursuant to the requirements of Maryland statutory and common law, particu ²⁴⁸ larly this Court’s decision in Doe [.]” Fire-Rescue, 418 Md. at 468 , 15 A.3d at 801 . On review, we determined that the issue was primarily one of statutory construction. We made clear that we were addressing legibility of petition signatures — an issue that had not been discussed in Doe. Fire-Rescue, 418 Md. at 470-71 , 15 A.3d at 802 .

We held that “§ 6-203(b)(l) directs the election authority to validate a petition signer’s entry if there is sufficient cumulative information on the face of the petition, e.g., a signature, a printed name, address, date of signing, and other information required by regulation, evidencing compliance with § 6-203(a), to determine the identity of the signer.” Fire-Rescue, 418 Md. at 473-74 , 15 A.3d at 804 . In other words, we cautioned that the Board should not stop the validation process merely because an illegible signature is present in a petition entry. Fire-Rescue, 418 Md. at 474 , 15 A.3d at 804 . We concluded, based on the Board’s revised guidelines in light of Doe , that the Board “distortfed] the purpose of § 6-203(a)(l)[, which] is to provide one element among many that the Board must use to satisfy the requirements of validation.” Fire-Rescue, 418 Md. at 477 , 15 A.3d at 806 .

Reiterating the fact that the purpose of the signature requirement in § 6-203(a)(l) is to provide a personal attestation to the information contained in the entry, we restated our conclusion in Barnes [v. State ex rel. Pinkney, 236 Md. 564 , 204 A.2d 787 (1964),] “that the signature provided under § 6-203(a)(l) is but one of many pieces of identifying information that the Board must assess to determine the validity of a petition entry.” Fire-Rescue, 418 Md. at 479-80 , 15 A.3d at 807-08 . (Footnote omitted.) Libertarian Party, 426 Md. at 510-11 , 44 A.3d at 1015-16 . With respect to the appellees’ claims in Libertarian Party that Fire-Rescue established a new “sufficient cumulative information” standard, we stated: In concluding that Fire-Rescue announced a new “sufficient cumulative information” standard with which to validate petition entries, the trial court misconstrued our hold ²⁴⁹ ing in that case.

The issue before us in Fire-Rescue was legibility of petition signatures and whether the County Board had properly construed § 6-203 to require legible signatures in order to validate referendum petition entries. We did not, explicitly or implicitly, overrule our holding in Doe that the requirements of § 6-203(a) are mandatory. Appellees’ argument and the trial court’s reasoning take the “sufficient cumulative information” language out of context. In context, we merely stated that an illegible signature, alone, should not, pursuant to the plain language and meaning of the statute, result in the Board’s refusal to validate a petition entry.

Rather, if there is an illegible signature, the Board should continue to engage in the validation process by determining whether the petition entry satisfies all of the requirements under § 6-203(a). Libertarian Party, 426 Md. at 513-14 , 44 A.3d at 1017 . Thus, in accordance with our holding in Libertarian Party, we reaffirm that the requirements for validation of petition signatures in § 6-203(a), applicable to charter board nominating petitions, are mandatory.

II

Offensive Non-Mutual Collateral Estoppel The Circuit Court judge in the present case determined that the doctrine of offensive non-mutual collateral estoppel was not applicable because Respondents were not parties in the Libertarian Party case and because the issues in this case are different than those litigated in Libertarian Party . While we decline to comment on those legal determinations, we affirm the judge on the ground that this Court has not yet embraced the offensive use of non-mutual collateral estoppel, and we decline to do so under the circumstances in this case. In Wash. Suburban Sanitary Comm’n v. TKU Assocs., 281 Md. 1, 18-19 , 376 A.2d 505, 514 (1977), we outlined a four-part test that must be satisfied for the doctrine of collateral estoppel to apply: 1.

Was the issue decided in the prior adjudication identical with the one presented in the action in question? ²⁵⁰ 2. Was there a final judgment on the merits? 3. Was the party against whom the plea is asserted a party or in privity with a party to the prior adjudication? 4. Was the party against whom the plea is asserted given a fair opportunity to be heard on the issue?

We explained in Welsh v. Gerber Prods., Inc., 315 Md. 510, 516 , 555 A.2d 486, 489 (1989), that traditional collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion, requires mutuality of parties. Thus, under the traditional doctrine, only in a second suit between the same parties will a determination of fact or law that was actually litigated and was essential to a valid and final judgment be conclusive. See id. Some courts have modified the requirement that mutuality of parties is necessary in order to apply the doctrine of collateral estoppel.

In other words, some courts have decided to preclude “in an action between A and B, relitigation of an issue decided in an earlier case to which either A or B, but not both, was a party.” Rourke v. Amchem Prods., Inc., 384 Md. 329, 341 , 863 A.2d 926, 933 (2004). In such a situation, if the plaintiff in the second case seeks to foreclose the defendant from relitigating an issue that the defendant, or a party in privity with the defendant, previously defended unsuccessfully in another action against one or more different parties, the doctrine invoked is offensive non-mutual collateral estoppel. See id. If, on the other hand, the defendant seeks to preclude the plaintiff from relitigating an issue that the plaintiff, or a party in privity with the plaintiff, previously litigated unsuccessfully in another action against one or more different parties, the doctrine is referred to as defensive non-mutual collateral estoppel.

See id. In Libertarian Party , we were confronted with the issue of whether the Maryland State Board of Elections should apply a “sufficient cumulative information” standard in validating petition signatures under § 6-203(a). Libertarian Party, 426 Md. at 511-12 , 44 A.3d at 1016 . In the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County, where the Libertarian Party and Green Party filed suit against the Maryland State Board of Elections, the trial judge granted summary judgment in favor of the Libertarian Party and Green Party, issuing a declaratory ²⁵¹ judgment adopting their suggested “sufficient cumulative information” standard.

Libertarian Party, 426 Md. at 491-92 , 44 A.3d at 1004 . The trial judge concluded, inter alia, that petition signatures should not be invalidated merely for containing name-related defects when the signer has provided sufficient cumulative information in the petition entry to identify him or her as a registered voter. Libertarian Party, 426 Md. at 504-05 , 44 A.3d at 1011-12 . When the trial judge in Libertarian Party made his ruling, Petitioners in the instant case had filed their Petition for Judicial Review in the Circuit Court for Frederick County.

The judge in the case sub judice declined to apply the doctrine of offensive non-mutual collateral estoppel to essentially bind Respondents — the BOCC, the Frederick County Board of Elections, and Stuart Harvey — to the legal determinations made by the trial judge in Libertarian Party . Petitioners claim, however, that the judge, in the case at bar, acted in error. According to Petitioners, the issue in the present case is the same as the issue litigated in Libertarian Party ; there was a final judgment on the merits in Libertarian Party; the Maryland State Board of Elections is in privity with the Frederick County Board of Elections and Stuart Harvey, in his capacity as Election Director and Chief Election Official; and the State Board was given a fair opportunity to be heard at the trial court level in Libertarian Party . Thus, Petitioners assert: All requirements for the application of offensive non-mutual issue preclusion having been satisfied, [we] contend that [Respondents are] bound by, and [are] precluded from relitigating, the issue of law determined in the Anne Arundel County action, namely, that the sufficient cumulative information standard forbids the invalidation of petition entries: [ (1) ] merely because the signer omits an unused first name or middle name, when writing his or her full name or signature; and [ (2) ] for name-related defects, if the entry contains address or birthdate information from which the signer’s identity can be corroborated. ²⁵² We decline the invitation to apply the doctrine of collateral estoppel to the circumstances of this case.

In Rourke , we acknowledged that this Court has recognized the doctrine of defensive non-mutual collateral estoppel. Rourke, 384 Md. at 349 , 863 A.2d at 938 . We explained in that case that the United States Supreme Court in Parklane Hosiery Co. v. Shore, 439 U.S. 322 , 99 S.Ct. 645 , 58 L.Ed.2d 552 (1979), declined to embrace the doctrine of offensive non-mutual collateral estoppel. Rourke, 384 Md. at 349-50 , 863 A.2d at 938 .

This Court has not, since we issued our opinion in Rourke , adopted or applied the doctrine of offensive non-mutual collateral estoppel, and we deem the Supreme Court’s analysis in Parklane persuasive. In Parklane, the Supreme Court noted that offensive use of non-mutual collateral estoppel may be unfair “if the judgment relied upon as a basis for the estoppel is itself inconsistent with one or more previous judgments in favor of the defendant.” Parklane, 439 U.S. at 330 , 99 S.Ct. at 651 , 58 L.Ed.2d at 562 . In the instant case, Petitioners rely upon the declaratory judgment issued in the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County that a “sufficient cumulative information” standard applies in the validation of petition signatures. Even assuming that all the elements of non-mutual collateral estoppel are satisfied, in this case, the judgment entered in the Circuit Court for Anne Arundel County is inconsistent with this Court’s holdings in Doe and Fire-Rescue that the signature requirements of § 6-203(a) are mandatory — the interpretation asserted by Respondents in the present case.

It would be unfair to bind Respondents to an incorrect interpretation of the law, as determined by another trial court, that could have been, and should have been, interpreted correctly by that trial court. Furthermore, this Court’s recent holding in Libertarian Party reaffirmed that the petition signature requirements in § 6-203(a) are mandatory, and it would be unfair to bind Respondents to an interpretation of the law inconsistent with our holding in that case. Therefore, we decline to adopt the doctrine of offensive non-mutual collateral estoppel in the case sub judice. ²⁵³ III. Constitutional Claims In their alternative argument, Petitioners contend that if we conclude that the “sufficient cumulative information” standard is not the correct standard for the Board to apply when validating petition signatures under § 6-203(a) and that the doctrine of offensive non-mutual issue preclusion is not applicable to the circumstances of this case, then this Court should apply strict scrutiny to § 6-203(a) and COMAR § 33.06.03.06B(1) and determine that those provisions are unconstitutional.

In accordance with Maryland case law, we first consider, in a realistic light, the extent and nature of the burden placed upon voters when determining what level of scrutiny to apply to a constitutional challenge that implicates voting and associational rights. See Nader for President 2004 v. Md. State Bd. of Elections, 399 Md. 681, 697 , 926 A.2d 199, 208-09 (2007); Md. Green Party v. Md. Bd. of Elections, 377 Md. 127, 163 , 832 A.2d 214, 235 (2003); Bd. of Supervisors of Elections of Prince George’s Cnty. v. Goodsell, 284 Md. 279, 287 , 396 A.2d 1033, 1037 (1979). The burden placed on the voters of Frederick County, i.e., printing and signing one’s own name in accordance with the relevant enactments, is minimal. Therefore, we apply rational basis scrutiny, and we hold that the provisions at issue are constitutional because they are reasonable, nondiscriminatory measures designed to further the State’s important purposes of preventing fraud and identifying the signers of a petition.

Furthermore, we hold that § 6-203(a) and COMAR § 33.06.03.06B(1) are not inconsistent with Article XI-A, §§ 1A and 7 of the Maryland Constitution. Petitioners contend that § 6-203(a) and COMAR § 33.06.03.06B(1) violate Articles 7 and 24 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights, and that those enactments are inconsistent with Article XI-A, §§ 1 A and 7 of the Maryland Constitution. In maintaining that this Court “places the nominating petition process on the same high plane as the right to vote,” Petitioners claim that the challenged enactments should be subjected to strict scrutiny. Relying on the Maryland cases of Goodsell, Green Party, and Nader, Petitioners assert that the ²⁵⁴ impact of the enactments at issue in the instant case on the voters of Frederick County is substantial.

Thus, according to Petitioners, this Court should, as we did in those cases just mentioned, apply strict scrutiny to the requirements imposed on the charter board nominating petition process and determine that the enactments are unconstitutional. Furthermore, Petitioners assert that the enactments are inconsistent with Article XI-A, §§ 1 A and 7 of the Maryland Constitution because a proposed amendment to Article XI-A, § 7, granting the General Assembly the power to establish requirements as to the “adequacy” of petition signatures, as opposed to “verifying the authenticity” of a petition, was considered and expressly rejected. Claiming that restrictions relating to “adequacy” and “authenticity” have different meanings and purposes, Petitioners contend that a statutory or regulatory requirement that a properly authenticated signature be adequate “is beyond the scope of the power and authority delegated by Art. XI-A, § 7[J” Respondents claim that, contrary to Petitioners’ assertions, § 6-203(a) and COMAR § 33.06.03.06B(1) withstand any heightened level of constitutional scrutiny. Respondents rely on the Court of Special Appeals case of Howard Cnty.

Citizens for Open Gov’t v. Howard Cnty. Bd. of Elections, 201 Md.App. 605 , 30 A.3d 245 (2011), for their contention that the provisions at issue are not in conflict with the Maryland Constitution and that they are reasonable, nondiscriminatory enactments. Additionally, Respondents maintain that Petitioners have failed to produce any evidence of how the relevant regulations and statutory provisions substantially impact or burden their ability or opportunity to elect a charter board. Rather, Respondents cite Doe for the proposition that “[i]f this Court in Doe determined that it is not too burdensome to sign a petition for a referendum, then surely it is not too burdensome to sign a petition for a charter board special election.” In Bd. of Supervisors of Elections of Prince George’s Cnty. v. Goodsell, 284 Md. 279, 281 , 396 A.2d 1033, 1034 (1979), Vincent Goodsell filed a certificate of candidacy for the office of County Executive for Prince George’s County.

The Board ²⁵⁵ of Supervisors of Elections for Prince George’s County (the Board) refused to accept Goodsell’s certificate or place his name on the ballot, claiming that Goodsell failed to meet the qualifications of § 405 of Art. IV of the Prince George’s County Charter, which provided, in relevant part, that “[t]he County Executive shall have been a qualified voter of Prince George’s County for at least five years immediately preceding his election.” Id. At the time Goodsell attempted to run for office, he had been a registered voter of Prince George’s County for only two years. Id. He had otherwise satisfied all requirements related to the office for which he sought consideration.

Id. The Circuit Court for Prince George’s County decided the issue by interpreting the challenged provision of the Prince George’s County Charter. Goodsell, 284 Md. at 282 , 396 A.2d at 1034-35 . Accordingly, it did not address Goodsell’s equal protection claim.

Goodsell, 284 Md. at 282 , 396 A.2d at 1035 . On review in this Court, in addition to addressing the issue of the proper interpretation of the relevant charter provision, we also addressed Goodsell’s equal protection argument. We stated, “The first step in dealing with a contention that a particular classification denies to members of one class the equal protection of the laws is to determine the appropriate standard for reviewing the classification.” Goodsell, 284 Md. at 286 , 396 A.2d at 1036-37 (citations omitted). We proceeded to analogize the facts before us in Goodsell to those in Henderson v. Fort Worth Independent Sch.

Dist., 526 F.2d 286 (5th Cir.1976). In Henderson, the Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit determined that a Texas law that required candidates for the Fort Worth school board to be qualified voters in the district for a period of three years was subject to strict scrutiny, based on the extent and nature of the impact on voters, considered in a realistic light. Henderson, 526 F.2d at 289, 291-92. Taking into consideration the court’s analysis in Henderson regarding the impact on voters of a statutory requirement that potential candidates be registered voters in a certain location for a certain period of time, we posited in Goodsell that “[i]f a three year registration requirement for ²⁵⁶ local office has a substantial impact upon voter choice as held in the Henderson case, it follows that a five year requirement like the one in the case at bar will have an even greater impact.” Goodsell, 284 Md. at 288 , 396 A.2d at 1038 .

Because we determined that the impact on voter choice was substantial, we applied the strict scrutiny test, which requires the party against whom a challenge is brought to show that the enactment at issue “is reasonably necessary to the accomplishment of legitimate governmental objectives.” Goodsell, 284 Md. at 289 , 396 A.2d at 1038-39 (internal quotation omitted). We held that the registration requirement was discriminatory in violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and Article 23 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights. Goodsell, 284 Md. at 292-93 , 396 A.2d at 1040 . In determining which level of scrutiny to apply in Goodsell , we sought guidance from the United States Supreme Court case of Bullock v. Carter, 405 U.S. 134 , 92 S.Ct. 849 , 31 L.Ed.2d 92 (1972).

In Bullock , the Supreme Court addressed the constitutionality of a Texas law that required a candidate to pay a substantial filing fee to have his or her name placed on the ballot in a primary election. Bullock, 405 U.S. at 135 , 92 S.Ct. at 852 , 31 L.Ed.2d at 95 . Under the Texas statutory scheme, there was no procedure, other than paying the required filing fee, by which a candidate could get on the primary ballot. Bullock, 405 U.S. at 137 , 92 S.Ct. at 852-53 , 31 L.Ed.2d at 96 .

Several prospective candidates for local office challenged the statutory scheme under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Bullock, 405 U.S. at 140-41 , 92 S.Ct. at 854-55 , 31 L.Ed.2d at 98 . While noting that the direct impact of the filing fee law was felt by potential candidates for office, the Supreme Court stated that “the rights of voters and the rights of candidates do not lend themselves to neat separation; laws that affect candidates always have at least some theoretical, correlative effect on voters.” Bullock, 405 U.S. at 142-43 , 92 S.Ct. at 855-56 , 31 L.Ed.2d at 99 . Importantly, the Supreme Court asserted that “not every limitation or incidental burden on the exercise of voting rights