Dorsey v. English

Cole, J., delivered the opinion of the Court. Karin English filed a petition to establish paternity of her son, Kevyn, in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County. On August 12, 1977, the matter was tried before a jury (Woods, J., presiding). During the course of the trial the child was exhibited to the jury and the mother was permitted to point out resemblances between the child and the alleged father, Herman Dorsey.

The jury returned a verdict that Dorsey was the father and from the judgment entered thereon, he appealed to the Court of Special Appeals. We granted certiorari prior to consideration by that court. English met Dorsey while she was an airline stewardess and while he was a member of the United States Air Force. They both agree that between 1971 and March of 1974 they were together in several different countries where they engaged in sexual intercourse.

English discovered she was pregnant on July 30,1974, and Kevyn was born March 8,1975. The period of time in dispute is between March and July of 1974 when, despite Dorsey’s denial, English claims that they had sexual relations. Both parties produced a witness to establish this relationship or lack of it during the critical period. Naomi Hendricks testified that English met Dorsey, who was wearing a mustache, at an airport in May or June 1974 and that the two of them drove off together.

Jessie ⁵²⁴ Gaines testified that Dorsey, during May and July 1974, had a full beard because of a skin disease which prevented him from shaving. English testified that Dorsey acknowledged that he was the father and promised to send clothing and support for Kevyn, all of which Dorsey denied. At the request of the State’s Attorney, who represented English, the trial court permitted the child to be exhibited to the jury and allowed English to direct the jury’s attention to points of resemblance between Kevyn and Dorsey, specifically that they both had unusually shaped ears and eyebrows, gaps in their teeth and the “same cheeks.” The jury returned a verdict finding Dorsey to be “most likely” Kevyn’s father. After Dorsey’s motion for a new trial was denied and judgment was entered on the verdict, Dorsey instituted this appeal.

Dorsey makes a number of contentions. His primary complaint is that the trial court permitted the child to be exhibited to the jury. The propriety of exhibiting a child before a jury and permitting them to consider its resemblance to the alleged father as evidence of paternity presents an issue of first impression in Maryland. We note, however, that there is a sharp conflict of authority among our sister states which basically follow four approaches in resolving this issue. 1 Some states never permit exhibition of a child.

See, e.g., Cook v. State, 172 Tenn. 42 , 109 S.W.2d 98 (1937). They reason that such a basis for comparison between a child and a putative father is speculative and tends to be prejudicial to the father. Other states allow the exhibition of the child without qualification, apparently based on the assumption that such evidence is inherently trustworthy. See, e.g., Nimmo v. Sims, 178 Ark. 1052 , 13 S.W.2d 304 (1929).

A third group allows exhibition of a child, provided a preliminary showing is made to insure that the evidence has some probative value. Most of this latter group have adopted some variation of the rule suggested by Professor Wigmore that “the sound rule is to admit the fact of similarity of specific ⁵²⁵ traits, however presented, provided the child is in the opinion of the trial court old enough to possess settled features or other corporal indications.” J. Wigmore, Evidence, § 166, at 627 (3rd ed. 1940). See Flores v. State, 72 Fla. 302 , 73 So. 234 (1916); Hall v. Centolanza, 28 N.J. Super. 391 , 101 A. 2d 44 (1953); State v. Powers, 75 S. D. 209, 62 N.W.2d 764 (1954); State v. Anderson, 63 Utah 171 , 224 P. 442 (1924); Lohsen v. Lawson, 106 Vt. 481 , 174 A. 861 (1934). These states give the trial judge discretion in making a preliminary determination based on two factors,-age and specificity, in order to limit the exhibition of children to those who are sufficiently mature so that a comparison of the child and an adult will be reliable.

Exhibition is permitted only respecting those traits for which testimony has been admitted. The fourth approach is to leave the question of admissibility of resemblance evidence entirely to the sound discretion of the trial court. See, e.g., Gallina v. Antonelli, 220 Cal. App. 2d 63 , 33 Cal.

Rptr. 570 (1963); Feagins v. Conn, 160 Kan. 370 , 162 P. 2d 76 (1945); Kline v. St. Clair, 151 N. E. 802 (Ohio App. 1925). Feagins, supra, explains the standard in this way: [I]t becomes the province of the trial court to exercise its discretion in the matter. If in the judgment of the trial court the exhibition of the child to the jury would appreciably tend to promote the purpose of the proceeding, the exhibition should be permitted. If, however, the trial court should be satisfied that no substantial advancement toward the truth would result from the exhibition, it should be forbidden. [ 162 P. 2d at 78 .] The rule thus stated commends itself as a practical and common sense rule in resolving the question of whether such demonstrative evidence has probative value and will tend to produce in the minds of the jury a persuasion, affirmative or negative, as to the fact of paternity and we adopt it.

We will not interfere with the exercise of that discretion absent a showing of clear abuse. In the instant case, the trial court examined a child two years and five months old and compared his features .with the alleged father. He then permitted the ⁵²⁶ child to be exhibited to the jury. Based on the record before us we find no abuse of his discretion.

Dorsey also poses the secondary issue of whether English should have been allowed to point out to the jury the particular physical features of Kevyn which she believed to be similar to Dorsey’s. Specifically, she stated that their cheeks were the same, that they held their eyebrows in the same manner, that they both had gaps in their teeth, and that they both had an unusually shaped ear. No comment was made on general resemblance. Dorsey urges this Court to construe Jones v. Jones, 45 Md. 144 (1876) as forbidding this kind of testimony.

In that case, one of the parties was trying to prove that he was the legitimate son of the deceased, whose estate was in contest. A third party was permitted to testify as to the physical resemblance that he perceived had existed between them. The Court, in holding that such testimony cannot be permitted, said: Where the parties are [observed by] the jury, and the latter can make comparison for themselves, whatever resemblance is discovered may be a circumstance, in connection with others, to be considered. But to allow third persons to testify as to their notions of the resemblance supposed to exist between parties, would be allowing that to be given as evidence upon which no rational conclusion could be based, but which might readily serve to mislead the jury. [ 45 Md. at 152-53 ] [emphasis supplied].

While the Jones holding could be read broadly to prohibit any testimony by someone other than the alleged father and child on the subject of physical similarity, we believe that the rule should be read in light of the facts in Jones before it can be properly applied to the case sub judice. The third party testimony in Jones was. found to be unreliable because the alleged father was dead, and hence unavailable for