People's Banking Co. v. Fidelity & Deposit Co.

Offutt, J., delivered the opinion of the Court. On June 29th, 1931, the stockholders of the People’s Banking Company of Smithsburg, Maryland, herein called “the Bank,” at a special meeting, resolved (1) in consideration of the agreement of the Central Trust Company of Maryland, herein called the “Trust Company,” to assume all liability to the depositors of the Bank, (a) to sell all stocks, bonds, and securities held by it at the market price thereof, (b) to sell and transfer to the Central Trust Company, “without recourse,” all its notes, bills receivable, mortgages and judgments at the face value thereof, except certain obligations specifically described aggregating $12,690.48, (c) to' sell to said Trust Company its bank building and fixtures at $15,-000, and other real estate valued at $6,250; (2) to borrow from the Central Trust Company $40,000, pledging for the repayment of -the loan all assets of the Bank not “taken over” by the Trust Company, said sum to be used to acquire 1,333 shares of the capital stock of the Central Trust Company to be exchanged for stock of the Bank at the ratio of one share of the Trust Company stock for three shares of the Bank stock; and (3) to disburse all collections made by a liquidating committee in excess of $40,000 pro rata to the stockholders of the Bank. The several transactions contemplated by that resolution, except the disbursement of the anticipated excess of collections over the $40,000 loan, appear to have been carried out, but on October 29th, 1931, E. R. Crowther and others, stockholders and depositors of the Bank, filed the bill of complaint in this case against George W. Page, receiver of the Trust Company, which had closed its doors on September 3rd, 1931, in which they asked the court (1) to nullify and set aside (a) the “consolidation merger or acquirement’” to< the Bank by the Trust Company, and (b) the contract of the Bank with the Trust Company; (2) to compel the restoration to ⁶⁶¹ the Bank of all property transferred to the Trust Company under the resolution; (3) to appoint a receiver for the Bank; and (4) to require an account of property and assets acquired by tbe Trust Company from the Bank “subsequently disposed of”. On February 13th, 1932, the plaintiffs in that- bill filed * in the case a petition alleging that the Trust Company had-improperly assigned certain mortgages which it had acquired from the Bank to the Fidelity & Deposit Company of Mary-, land, herein called the “Fidelity Company,” to indemnify it against loss on certain depositary bonds which it had executed as surety for the Trust Company.

The basis of tbe attack on the transaction by which the Trust Company acquired the assets of the Bank was that it had been induced by false and fraudulent representations by officials of the-Trust Company to officers, directors and stockholders of the • Bank as to the solvency and assets of the Trust Company. The basis of the: attack on the assignments of mortgages acquired from the Bank hy the Trnst Company, and by it assigned to the Fidelity Company, was that there was no> valuable consideration for the assignments, that they were made at a time when to the knowledge of the Fidelity Company the Trust Company was “hopelessly and irretrievably insolvent,” and that it knew before said assignments that they “were” (wonld be) illegal and void; that said assignments were null and void; and plaintiffs therefore prayed that the Fidelity Company be made a party defendant, and required to answer the bill, and an order granting that relief was passed. The several defendants answered in due course, other interlocutory proceedings were had, testimony was taken, and on December 29th, 1932, the court filed an opinion in which it announced that the evidence did not justify the conclusion that the transaction between the Bank and the Trust Company was induced by fraud, but that it did show that it was the result of a mistake common to both parties, as to the “financial strength” of the Trust Company, and for that reason wonld be set aside and the property and assets of the bank in the hands of the receiver returned to it, ⁶⁶² .and further that the evidence was not sufficient to' charge the Kidelity Company with knowledge, at the time the mortgages were assigned to it, that the Trust Company was insolvent when they were assigned, that the assignments were "based upon a sufficient consideration, and it would refuse to set them aside. On March 11th, 1933, a decree carrying those conclusions into effect was passed.

On May 4th, 1933, the Kidelity Company filed a petition in which it alleged that the mortgages assigned to it by the Trust Company had been assigned under an agreement under which the Trust Company had agreed to assign all the mortgages described in a schedule annexed thereto, but that in fact four of the mortgages listed in the schedule were not assigned when the other mortgages were assigned, because of some adjustments to be made by the Trust Company in respect to them, but that, before said adjustments were completed, the Trust Company passed into the hands of the state bank commissioner; that by the decree the receiver of the Trust Company was directed to reassign and transfer to the Bank these four mortgages; that that action was inadvertent because it was “the manifest intention of the court” to award to the petitioner all the mortgages transferred by the Bank to the Trust Company which it had agreed to assign to the Kidelity Company, and it prayed the rescission of so much of the decree as awarded those four mortgages to the Bank. The plaintiffs answered that petition, it was heard on petition and answer, and on May 8th, 1933,, dismissed. Krom so much of the decree of March 11th, 1933, as refused to' direct the reassignment and delivery to the Bank of the mortgages assigned by the Trust Company to the Kidelity Company, the Bank (appellant in No. 61) and K. K. Crowther and others (appellants in No. 63) appealed, and from the order of May 8th, 1933, the Kidelity Company (appellant in No. 62) appealed. These three appeals are in one record.

The appeals in Nos. 61 and 63 are from the same part of the same decree, present the same question, and will be considered together. The appeal in No. 62 presents a different question, and will be considered separately. See posi, 693. ⁶⁶³ The question submitted in ISTos. 61 and 63 is whether the Fidelity Company acquired the mortgages assigned to it by the Trust Company in good faith, for a valuable consideration, and without notice or knowledge of any infirmity in the title of the assignor. The plaintiffs, in the original bill of complaint, alleged that the contract under which assets of the Bank were transferred to the Trust Company was induced by the fraud of officials of the Trust Company.

The chancellor found no-sufficient evidence of the fraud alleged, but did find that the contract resulted from a mistake common to both parties to it as to its subject-matter, and for that reason annulled it and set it aside. There was no appeal from so much of the decree as decided that issue, and it must therefore in this case be accepted as finally adjudicated. And while, since the decree itself does not state that it was based upon a finding of mistake rather than fraud, it may be supported if the evidence showed either that the contract resulted from mistake or was induced by fraud, and it is unnecessary to consider in this inquiry whether it was the result of the one or the other, for under the principles stated in the Restatement of the Law of Contracts, A. L. I., secs. 49, 71, 456, 501, 502, 475, 476; Williston on Contracts, secs. 1538, et seq., 1594; 6 R. C. L. 621; Hecht v. Batcheller, 147 Mass. 335 , 17 N. E. 651 ; Wheat v. Cross, 31 Md. 104 , at most it was upon the facts of this case voidable and not void. The parties both intended to execute that identical contract, the property transferred under it was the identical property intended to-be transferred, and the supposed mistake related, not to-the nature or identity of the property transferred, but to its quality and value (Wheat v. Cross, supra, Hecht v. Batcheller, supra), and under it title to the mortgages involved in this proceeding undoubtedly passed to the Trust Company.

Whether such a mistake, under the rule stated in Wheat v. Cross, supra, Hecht v. Batcheller, supra, would be ground for avoiding the contract at all, need not be considered, for that question, so- far as this case is concerned, has been finally put at rest by the decree, for, whether induced ⁶⁶⁴ by fraud, or, as the decree determined, by mistake, the result was the same. In such a case a purchaser for value, who acted in good faith, and without notice or knowledge of any infirmity in the title of his vendor, acquired an indefeasible title (Williston on Sales, secs. 348, 650, 656; Nat. Bank of Bristol v. Balto. & O. R. Co., 99 Md. 661 , 59 A. 134 ), for, while the general rule is that a vendee acquires no better title than his vendor, it is subject to an exception, quite as well established as the rule itself, that, where the true owner puts it in the power of another to deal with property as though it were his own, and that person transfers it to one who purchases it in good faith, for value, and without notice or knowledge of any infirmity in the title of his vendor, the true owner will be estopped from asserting his title against such purchaser. 55 C. J. 622, et seq.; Lemp Brewing Co. v. Mantz, 120 Md. 181 , 87 A. 817 ; Hopper v. Callahan, 78 Md. 534, 28 A. 385 ; Levi v. Booth, 58 Md. 305 ; Hall v. Hinks, 21 Md. 406 . The essential elements of any definition of an “innocent purchaser” are: (a) That he must have given value for the property; (b) that he must have dealt in good faith with respect to the purchase; and (c) without notice or knowledge of any infirmity in the title of his vendor.

Each of those elements is in sharp issue in this case both as to the facts and the law applicable to the facts, and the evidence relating to them is not only voluminous but interwoven with other evidence pertinent only to issues not involved in the appeal. To analyze that evidence in detail would, because of its volume, tend rather to obscure than expose its meaning and effect, and for that reason we will state only our conclusions in respect to it. Consideration. The Central Trust Company, as a depositary of the State of Maryland, was required to execute to the State depositary bonds to protect state, funds deposited with it.

In compliance with that requirement, it executed three bonds with the Fidelity Company as surety, one dated on July 1st, 1923, in the penalty of $I5’000; one dated December 23rd, 1929, in the penalty of $25,000, and one dated February 18th, 1923, in the penalty of $5,000; on ⁶⁶⁵ J anuary 6th, 1931, a bond in the penalty of $100,000 with the Eidelity & Casualty Company as surety, and two bonds with the United States Casualty Company as surety, one of which was dated June 30th, 1930, in the penalty of $20,000, and the other dated BTovember 7th, 1930, in the penalty of $100,000. The condition of each of these several bonds was that the Trust Company would safely keep and have forthcoming when required all money deposited with it by the State of Maryland, and in all respects duly account for such deposits according to law. At the time the bond dated January 6th, 1931, was written, business and economic conditions were a source of serious concern to persons engaged in the bonding business, and surety companies were unwilling to assume additional obligations. Consequently, when application for that bond was made, it was accepted only upon the condition that the Trust Company pledge collateral to secure the Eidelity & Casualty Company against loss.

As the law then stood, there was dorrbt as to the right of the Trust Company to use its assets for such a purpose, so that, instead of pledging its assets directly, it pretended to sell them to one of its employees, taking her note for the assumed purchase price, and she appears to have turned them over to Emory L. Coblentz, president of the Trust Company, who then hypothecated them with the Eidelity & Casualty Company to secure it against loss as surety on the depositary bond which it had executed for the Trust Company. These six bonds were for no definite term, but were described in the evidence as “continuing bonds,” that is to say, they continued in force without formal renewal from year to year indefinitely, but the state treasurer nevertheless demanded that at the anniversary date of each bond the bonding company appearing as surety thereon issue a renewal certificate. Accordingly, on May 28th, 1931, he addressed to the Trust Company a letter in which he said: “According to our records, you have in force the following depositary bonds to secure deposits of State funds by the Treasurer. ⁶⁶⁶ Surety Amount Expiration Maryland Casualty Co.......$ 20,000.00 6/20/31 United States Cas. Co........ 20,000.00 6/20/31 United States Oas.

Oo........ 100,000.00 11/ 7/31 Eidelity & Deposit Co........ 75,000.00 7/ 1/31 Fidelity & Deposit Co........ 25,000.00 12/23/31 Fidelity & Deposit Co........ 5,000.00 2/18/32 Fidelity & Cas. Co.......... 100,000.00 1/ 6/32 $345,000.00 “Our present balance with you is $330,661.03 and it will be necessary for the above bond which expires June 20th and 30th to be renewed in full part for another year. We would like to have renewal in hand a few days before the expiration, and it is absolutely necessary that it reach us not later than that date. Kindly get in touch with the surety company, and advise us your action in the matter.” At some time in 1931, probably subsequent to that letter, .the Fidelity & Deposit Company of Maryland learned that the United States Casualty Company was about to retire from the bonds on which it appeared as surety.

Paul L. Wellner, vice-president of the company in charge of its depositary bond business, in describing business and economic conditions at that time, said: “There had been up to that time a great number of bank failures throughout the country. The depositing public was very nervous'. We not only had to underwrite banks, but we had to do the almost impossible thing, to underwrite the state of public mind. At that time the president of the Central Trust Company was receiving what we thought was unfavorable notoriety by reason of his having been named in association with certain interests in Washington that were not calculated to instill confidence in the minds of depositors.

There was one company, the United States Casualty Company, which seemed upon the point of cancelling its suretyship. I learned this not as a result of correspondence, but as the result of word of mouth, that the United States Casualty Company was going to re ⁶⁶⁷ turn its suretyship on behalf of the Central Trust Company. We thought that might be harmful to the bank, might be harmful to us, because if the United States Casualty Company served cancellation notices in connection with its bonds, that would become a matter of public record that would create apprehension in the minds of the depositing- public and create a run on the bank, which was something we wanted to avoid. As a result, I volunteered to go to- New York and confer with the New York Casualty Company.

I first conferred with the Fidelity & Casualty Company, and we later called Mr. Nathan Moberly, manager of the bond department of the United States Casualty Company, and convinced them that the thing to do was not to cancel the bonds, but to keep its bonds in force and take collateral. There was no question in our minds at that time concerning the solvency of the bank, but we were fearful that the unfavorable notoriety attached to Mr. Coblentz’ name in the newspapers might create a run, and we knowothat runs ruin the best of banks.” Negotiations followed between the Fidelity Company, on its own behalf and as representing the United States Casualty Company and the Fidelity & Casualty Company, and the Trust Company, which culminated in an agreement under which the Trust Company deposited with the Fidelity Company, as collateral to secure it and the two other bonding companies against loss on the depositary bonds described above, certain securities, which included mortgages which had been assigned to the Trust Company by the Bank aggregating in value $117,300, hereinafter called the Smithsburg mortgages. That agreement, which lay partly in correspondence and partly in parol, was executed prior to August 10th, 1931, on which date a written agreement fixing the terms upon which the collateral deposited was held was executed. The securities listed were pledged under the authority of chapter 429 of the Acts of 1931 (section 1), which amended article 11, section 23, which enumerates the powers of banks and trust companies, by adding an additional sub-section, which provided: “Seventh.

To deposit securities for the purpose of secur ⁶⁶⁸ ing deposits of the United States Government and its agencies, and the State of Maryland and counties', cities, towns and other political sub-divisions of the State of Maryland,' or to secure the surety or sureties on bonds furnished to secure such deposits.” While active negotiations resulting in the execution of the collateral agreement apparently were not taken up prior to the summer of 1931, Wellner had written Coblentz in the fall of 1930 that he thought the Fidelity Company had “too heavy a line of suretyship” on his bank, and intimated that he (Coblentz) would have to take steps 'to see that it was relieved of “that bond”. In December, 1930, or January, 1931, the United States Casualty Company had informed its Baltimore agent that as a matter of “common policy” it desired to retire from the Trust Company bonds, but at the agent’s solicitation it did not retire from them, and at the time of the negotiations which resulted in the deposit of collateral to protect the sureties it remained as surety on the bonds it had executed. The certificate of the Fidelity Company continuing the $75,000 bond of that company was dated as of June 26th, 1931, and actually issued to the state treasurer on July 16th, 1931. But George L. Kadcliffe, first vice-president of the Fidelity Company, in a statement accepted as evidence, said that prior to that time that company had declined to .renew the $75,000 bond on its anniversary date, July 1st, 1931, and that the continuation certificate had only been issued after Coblentz, acting for the Trust Company, had agreed to deposit with the Fidelity Company collateral to protect it and the other two bonding companies against loss on that and the other depositary bonds described above.

Later, in July, 1931, probably on the 23rd, Wellner, acting for the Fidelity Company, met at a conference in New York representatives of the United States Casualty Company and the Fidelity & Casualty Company, and at that conference it was agreed that the Fidelity Company should act as agent for the other two companies in receiving the collateral to be pledged by the Trust Company. When the state treasurer notified the Trust Company on ⁶⁶⁹ May 28th, 1931, that continuation certificates must be issued on or before the anniversary date of the depositary bonds securing state deposits, the State had on deposit with the Trust Company $330,661.03. Without passing at this time on its solvency or insolvency, it is clear that at that time the Trust Company was in a precarious condition, and, while it cannot be definitely said that, if demand had been made then or at any time before the certificate continuing the $75,000 policy, dated July 1st, 1923, was issued, it could not or would not on such demand have repaid to the State the state funds deposited with it, it may definitely be said that not only was its ability to make any such payment extremely doubtful, but that, if such a payment had been made, it would probably have prevented the continued operation of the Trust Company. In January, 1931, apparently to bolster its cash position, one of its directors, Thomas B. Hayward, borrowed $90,000 in order to lend that amount to the Trust Company.

On July 11th, 1931, Coblentz, writing to Eadcliffe-, stated that “all the quickly marketable securities” of the Trust Company had been used for “direct borrowing purposes.” As early as July, 1930, when notified by the Cumberland Steel Company that it proposed to withdraw $300,000 over a period of approximately three months, it found it inconvenient to meet that demand, but sought and obtained an extension of two months, under which the last installment of $50,000 was to be subject to withdrawal on December 15th, 1930. But, when the Steel Company on December 26th, 1930, notified the Trust Company that it would withdraw that amount on January 1st, 1931, it was met with a request to postpone the withdrawal until February 1st, 1931. Following that, there was a constantly increasing pressure from the Steel Company to withdraw its funds from the Trust Company, with a corresponding effort on the part of the Trust Company to delay and hinder such withdrawal, which culminated in the refusal of the Trust Company to pay a check drawn on it by the Steel Company, dated July 7th, for $93,068.49, although it had that amount to its credit with the Trust Company. ⁶⁷⁰ On July 7th, 1931, the Steel Company wrote the Trust Company notifying it of the proposed withdrawal. On the same day the Trust Company wrote the Steel Company that it might withdraw $81,000 over a period of four months in one installment of $6,000 and three of $25,000, and on the following day telegraphed that it would not honor the Steel Company’s check for $93,068.49, which on July 9th, 1931, was protested for nonpayment.

The Trust Company alleged as a reason for its refusal to'pay the check that it was against a time deposit, hut on May 26th, 1931, the Steel Company had directed the Trust Company to put the balance of its account on “a straight checking basis, so that it will be subject to check at any time.” While, because of the manner in which the evidence relating to the financial condition of the Trust Company in June, 1931, and immediately before and after that month, appears in the record, it is impossible to fix with certainty the aggregate amount of its assets and the extent of its liabilities, it may be said that, measured by any test of solvency known to the law, the Trust Company was not solvent at that time. A “Condensed Statement” of the Trust Company dated June 30th, 1931, and published by it, showed that in its resources were included “Loans and Discounts” $13,541,072.84, “Mortgages and Judgments” $1,511,235.27, “Bonds and Stocks” $2,527,893.89, and that at that time it was liable on demand deposits for $2,568,054.71, on time deposits for $11,529,-617.13, on demand loans payable for $318,000, on time loans payable for $356,000; and on rediscounts and acceptances for $251,748.10. While the statement was probably correct in so far as it described the liabilities of the company, it was misleading and inaccurate in its description of its resources, and the stated figures had no substantial relation to the actual value of much of the property included in the categories given, as fixed by any available market at that time. In its “Loans and Discounts” alone there was an indicated loss which not only consumed its capital and surplus, but left a deficit of several million dollars, and much of that loss was ⁶⁷¹ of such a character that no change of conditions remotely probable would have repaired it.

In determining whether upon those facts the forbearance of the bonding companies to apply for permission to retire from the bonds which they had executed to the State to secure its deposits with the Trust Company was a valuable consideration, consideration must be given to the following factors: (1) The nature and extent of the obligations, liabilities and rights of the bonding companies under the bonds; (2) the nature and extent of the hazard involved in their forbearance in addition to that which they had already assumed; and (3) the benefit to the Trust Company resulting from such forbearance. Article 90, section 8 of the Code, provides: “When the surety or sureties on the bond of any bank used as a depository for the funds of the State by the state treasurer shall notify the governor and the state treasurer of their or its desire to be relieved from further liability as such surety, the state treasurer may, in his discretion, immediately demand of such bank a new bond with good and sufficient surety or sureties; if such bank shall not within thirty days after service of notice upon it by the state treasurer furnish new bond with good and sufficient surety or sureties to be approved by the governor, it shall be the duty of the state treasurer to immediately withdraw all moneys, of the State deposited with the said bank. Upon the approval and acceptance by the governor of the above mentioned new bond, and upon the payment of all moneys then due by such bank to the State, petitioning surety or sureties shall be released from any further liability on the bond executed by him, it or them.” It is conceded that the bonds under consideration were “continuing” bonds; that is, they continued in force until terminated by some act of the parties. The statute just quoted refers to all bonds, those for a definite term as well as to those for an indefinite term, so that, when it provides that the state treasurer “may, in his discretion” demand of the depositary a new bond, that authority must be considered ⁶⁷² in connection with both classes of bonds.

When applied to bonds for a fixed term, there would be force in the contention that the surety had no absolute right to be relieved of a definite contract, all the terms of which were fixed, but when applied to a bond for an indefinite term, it rests upon a more unstable foundation. The text of the statute, if applied literally to such a bond, would mean that the surety was bound at the discretion of the obligee to guarantee indefinitely the return of funds deposited with the depositary, whether the depositary continued to' pay for the service or not, and without any regard to change in the financial condition of the depositary. Such a construction, considered in connection with the Constitution, art. 6, sec. 3, would seem to be unreasonable, since the sole purpose of the statute and the Constitution is to protect the State against loss through the default of its depositaries, and not to control the relations between the depositaries and their sureties. So that, when the application of a surety to be relieved from further liability as surety on a depositary bond to the State involves no risk of loss to the State, there is no sound reason why that relief should not be considered a matter of right rather than of absolute discretion.

And the statute appears to contemplate that, for it does not authorize the treasurer to release the surety from any liability on the old bond merely upon its application for such relief, but upon such application to demand that the depositary substitute a new bond, with good and sufficient sureties, for the old bond, and upon its failure to furnish such a bond to withdraw all moneys deposited with the depositary. Under those provisions the original bond remains in full force and effect until the depositary substitutes a new bond with satisfactory and sufficient surety 'for the original bond, and until that is done .the sureties on the original bond remain liable for any breach in the condition thereof, whether such breach occurs after or before the sureties have applied to be relieved from further obligation on the bond. There may be cases in which the treasurer might not deem it wise to permit a depositary to continue to hold state funds ⁶⁷³ with, or without a new bond, but in such cases it would be within his power and might become his imperative duty to at once demand the return of such funds, and thus fix the liability of the parties to the original bond. So that the purpose of the statute would seem to be; not to require him to demand such deposits, but to permit him in his discretion to demand a new bond in lieu of such action, and, in the event of the failure of the depositary to furnish such a new bond on demand, to withdraw any state funds which may be in its custody.

But the surety on a continuing bond would seem entitled as of right to demand that the treasurer either demand a new bond or that he demand the return of the funds in the custody of the depositary protected by the old bond. While the bonds recite that the Trust Company had been designated by the Governor as a state depositary, there is nothing in the Constitution or laws of the State which require it to continue such a designate as a state depositary for any definite period, nor to deposit with it any definite sum of money, but, on the contrary, the State may not only decline to deposit additional funds with it, but may at any time withdraw funds already deposited. So that the status-of the Trust Company as a state depositary was indefinito and continuing, just as the liability of the bonding companies as sureties on bonds guaranteeing such deposits was indefinite and continuing. Under such circumstances., the right of a surety on such a bond to be relieved from further liability thereon seems to be recognized. 18 G. J. “Depositaries” sec. 63; Manitowoc County v. Truman, 91 Wis. 1 , 64 N. W. 307, 310 ; Snattinger v. Topeka, 80 Kan. 341 , 102 P. 508 .

In Manitowoc County v. Truman, supra, it is said: “As indicated, the duration of the contract between the county and the banking company was unfixed, and was liable to be terminated by order of the county board at any time. So, it would seem, the sureties were at liberty to terminate the agreement, so far as they were concerned, at any time, on giving notice. Reilly v. Dodge, 131 N. Y. 153 , 29 N. E. 1011 ; Emory v. Baltz, 94 N. Y. 408 ; Offord v. Davies ⁶⁷⁴ (12 C. B. [N. S.] 748), 104 E. C. L. 748; Hyland v. Habich, 150 Mass. 112 , 22 N. E. 765 . So that the “discretion” recited in the statute would seem to refer to- a discretion either to demand the repayment of state funds deposited with the depositary, or to demand the substitution of a new bond for the original bond, and not to an uncontrolled discretion to compel a shrety on a continuing depositary bond to remain on it indefinitely and under all circumstances.

The sureties on the depositary bonds were liable for any breach in the conditions thereof until the expiration of a reasonable time (which under the statute would be not less than thirty days) after notice that they desired to be relieved from further liability as sureties thereon, and upon such application they were entitled to have the treasurer either demand the state funds on deposit with the Trust Company or require it to furnish a new bond. 'The condition of the several depositary bonds executed by the Eidelity Company was that the Trust Company should “at all times, safely keep and have forthcoming when required” all deposits of the State of Maryland, “and duly account for such deposits according to law.” Prior to the negotiations in the summer of 1931, which culminated in the-assignment of the Smithsburg mortgages to the Eidelity Company, there had been no breach of the condition, because prior to that time it does not appear that the Trust Company failed to repay upon demand funds which it held as a state depositary. Nor can it be certainly assumed that,. if the Eidelity Company and the-other bonding companies had insisted on being relieved from their obligations under the surety bonds in June or July, 1931, that the Trust Company could not have furnished new bonds, or have repaid to the State moneys deposited with it by the State. If it had furnished new bonds, the sureties on the original bond would not have been liable for the safe-keeping and repayment of moneys on deposit after the new bonds were executed, accepted, and approved, unless demand for the repayment of such funds had been made and refused before the acceptance of the new bond, for, while the statute provides for such ⁶⁷⁵ release upon the execution of new bonds “and” the payment of moneys “then due by such bank to the State,” the “payment” must refer to payments demanded prior to the acceptance and approval of the new bonds. The sureties were powerless to compel the State to demand repayment, or to compel the Trust Company to make such repayment until the State did demand it.

So that, unless “and” was intended to mean “or,” or unless “payment” referred to past defaults, the statute would be meaningless. And in agreeing to continue the bonds the sureties did incur the risk of a liability which they might have escaped if they had insisted upon retiring as sureties thereon. On the other hand, the officers of the Trust Company feared that, if the bonding companies' insisted upon retiring as sureties on the depositary bonds, their action would precipitate a crisis which they were anxious to avoid. Either because they believed that the company could not procure new bonds satisfactory to the State, or that it would not be able upon demand to repay to the State the state funds which had been deposited with it, or because they felt that the mere request of the bonding companies for that relief would be sufficient to accelerate the collapse of an already tottering structure, it is certain that they considered it a matter of the most urgent necessity that the bonding companies should not apply to be relieved as sureties on the depositary bonds.

The wisdom, the propriety, or the honesty of their policy in attempting to keep the Trust Company operating as a going concern, notwithstanding its dangerous and unsafe condition, is not in issue, and, in view of the pendency of other litigation affecting the company, comment as to them would be improper. But it is sufficient to say that the act of the bonding companies in continuing as sureties on the bonds was of very great importance to the continued operation of the Trust Company and beneficial in promoting a policy which it had deliberately adopted and pursued. Consideration, in the law of contract, is usually spokeirof as anything of benefit to the promisor and of detriment to the promisee, Brantly on Contracts, ch. 2. And in the Restate ⁶⁷⁶ ment of Contracts, A. L. I., sec. 75, it is defined as follows: “(1) Consideration for a promise is (a) an act other than a promise, or (b) a forbearance, or (c) the creation, modification or destruction of a legal relation, or (d) a return promise, bargained for and given in exchange for the promise.” Id., sec. 78, states: “A promise is insufficient consideration if the promisor knows or has reason to know at the time of making the promise that it can be performed by some act or forbearance which would be insufficient consideration for a unilateral contract.” In Hercules Powder Co. v. Harry T. Campbell Sons Co., 156 Md. 365 , 144 A. 510, 517 , Judge Parke for the court states: “The undertaking or doing of anything beyond what one is already bound to do, though of the same kind and in the same transaction, is a good consideration.

Willi ston’s Wald’s Pollock on Contracts (3rd Ed.), 203, 204.” In the application of those definitions and principles, it is generally held that a promise to do what one is required by law or contract to do is not a valuable consideration. 13 C. J. “Contracts,” secs. 207, 209. But in Linz v. Schuck, 106 Md. 220 , 67 A. 286 , where a contractor had agreed to build a house for $1,500, but because of unforeseen difficulties was about to abandon his contract, it was held that he could recover from the owner on his promise to pay for extra work required to complete performance ,of the