Scarfield v. Muntjan

ADKINS, J. The right to a trial by jury in civil proceedings is enshrined in the Maryland Declaration of Rights 1 and further guaranteed in Maryland Rule 2-511 2 . But the Legislature and Courts may impose reasonable limitations on that right. One such limitation is found in Maryland Rule 2-B25, which provides that a party’s failure to demand a jury trial within 15 days after service of the last pleading directed to the issue constitutes a waiver by that party of a jury trial. An exception to this waiver rule applies when a party files an amended complaint, asserting a new substantive issue and demanding a jury trial.

Under such a circumstance, the new claim may revive a previously waived jury trial. In this case, we must determine whether an amended complaint in which a party demanded a jury trial but added only one new count, which ²⁶⁷ was dismissed for failure to state a claim, revives a previously waived jury trial. FACTS AND LEGAL PROCEEDINGS This case arises from a dispute between a tenant, Peter A. Muntjan, and various actors associated with his landlord, Frank D. Scarfield. 3 Muntjan, an artist, leased from Scarfield a 8,000 square foot unit at 7101 Sollers Point Road (Building #8) for use as an art studio. After Scarfield filed a Complaint alleging that Muntjan had held over on his lease, the District Court of Maryland, sitting in Baltimore County, ordered that a Writ of Possession be issued and ordered the Sheriff of Baltimore County to execute the writ no sooner than 12:00 p.m. on December 19, 2007.

At that time, a constable of Baltimore County executed the writ and evicted Muntjan from the property. Three years later, on December 20, 2010, Muntjan, representing himself, filed a complaint in the Circuit Court for Baltimore City, alleging one count for Trover and Conversion (“Count I”) and another for Invasion of Privacy (“Count II”), related to the 2007 ejectment and repossession. Scarfield filed a motion to dismiss Count II, which the Circuit Court granted on September 21, 2011, on statute of limitations grounds. On October 7, 2011, Scarfield filed his answer to Count I, without requesting a jury trial.

Over four months later, on February 24, 2012, Muntjan filed a jury demand. Then, on April 16, 2012, he filed an Amended Complaint reasserting Counts I and II and adding a third for Abuse of Process (“Count III”). Included with his Amended Complaint was a jury demand. ²⁶⁸ Scarfield filed a motion to strike both Muntjan’s Amended Complaint and his jury demand. The Circuit Court denied the motion to strike the Amended Complaint, but made no ruling as to the jury demand.

Scarfield later filed a motion to dismiss Counts II and III for failure to state a claim and orally renewed his motion to strike the jury demand. Regarding the jury demand, Scarfield argued that an amended complaint is not a pleading under Maryland Rule 1-202. Thus, he asserted, because Maryland Rule 2-325 requires that a jury demand be filed within 15 days after service of the last pleading filed, Muntjaris jury demand filed with his Amended Complaint was ineffective. In ruling on the motion to strike the jury demand, the Circuit Court first observed that an amended complaint is a pleading.

To permit a plaintiff to amend a complaint to demand a jury trial at any time would defeat the “orderly process” laid out in Rule 2-325(a) and (b), it reasoned. Recognizing what it saw as one possible exception where an amendment is permitted to add completely new claims that would not result in prejudice were a jury demand to be entertained, the Circuit Court concluded that the only new count — Abuse of Process — “is certainly related to the same ... events” as Count I. The Circuit Court reasoned Muntjan could not revive the jury demand for the previous counts in this way because it would permit Muntjan to “resurrect a demand that [he] had already waived by not making it with the original complaint.” 4 Muntjan appealed to the Court of Special Appeals, presenting eight questions for review. Muntjan v. Scarfield, No. 1065, Sept. Term, 2012, Slip Op. at 1-2 (Md.Ct.Spec.App., Aug. 5, 2012). The intermediate appellate court, in an unreported opinion, made two rulings relevant to this appeal. 5 First, the ²⁶⁹ panel unanimously held that the Circuit Court correctly dismissed Count III, stating: “Because Mr. Muntjan’s claim for abuse of process is based on initiation of the eviction process, as opposed to abuse of the process after process was issued, his amended complaint did not state a cause of action for abuse of process.” Id. at 34.

Second, the divided panel held that the Circuit Court erred in denying Muntjan’s jury demand. Restricting itself to the Circuit Court’s reasoning in denying the jury demand, the Court of Special Appeals held first that “for a plaintiff to revive a once-waived right to a jury trial based on the filing of an amended complaint, the amended complaint must raise a new issue, i.e., a claim that is based on a set of facts different from those relied on in support of the original claims.” Id. at 22-23. Second, it held that “the amended complaint in this case raised a new issue [because] Muntjan’s claim for Abuse of Process was based on a separate set of facts involving appellees’ purpose in initiating the eviction.” Id. at 23. Thus, with respect to some aspects of Count I, the Court of Special Appeals held that Muntjan was entitled to a remand for a jury trial. 6 Dissenting as to the jury demand, Judge Rodowsky (specially assigned) considered the Circuit Court “right, ... but for the wrong reason.” Muntjan v. Scarfield, No. 1065, Sept. Term, 2012, Slip Op. at 3 (Md.Ct.Spec.App., Aug. 5, 2012) (Rodowsky, J., dissenting).

Agreeing that Count III failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted, Judge Rodowsky reasoned that Count III “did not present a claim at law triable of right and the gears of Rule 2-325 were not engaged.” Id. at 3. His dissent also questioned the practical implications of entertaining Muntjan’s jury demand, observing ²⁷⁰ that, under the Majority’s holding, “the right to demand a jury trial that has been waived could be revived simply by a plaintiffs filing anything that purports to be a claim that was not asserted in an earlier pleading.” Id. at 5. We granted Scarfield’s Petition for Writ of Certiorari, limiting our consideration to the following question: Does the filing of an amended complaint which presents a new claim and jury demand revive a previously waived right to a jury trial where the new claim is dismissed for a failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted? Because we answer no, we shall reverse the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals and remand for further proceedings.

STANDARD OF REVIEW Whether Muntjan was entitled to a jury trial pursuant to Maryland Rule 2-325 is a legal question, and so we review the lower court’s decision without deference. See Duckett v. Riley, 428 Md. 471, 477 , 52 A.3d 84, 87 (2012) (“This is a purely legal inquiry; therefore, we construe Rule 2-325(a) without giving deference to the intermediate appellate court’s interpretation.”). “[T]he principles applied to statutory interpretation are also used to interpret the Maryland Rules.” Davis v. Slater, 383 Md. 599, 604 , 861 A.2d 78, 81 (2004) (citation omitted). Thus, to ascertain the meaning of [a] rule of procedure we first look to the normal, plain meaning of the language. If that language is clear and unambiguous, we need not look beyond the provision’s terms to inform our analysis; however, the goal of our examination is always to discern the legislative purpose, the ends to be accomplished, or the evils to be remedied by a particular provision, be it statutory, constitutional or part of the Rules.

To that end, we must consider the context in which the ... rule appears, including related statutes or rules, and relevant legislative history. Also, where the language of the ... rule is ambiguous, external evidence may be referred to for discerning the purpose of ²⁷¹ the legislature, including the bill’s title or function paragraphs, relevant case law, and secondary sources. Id. at 604-05 , 861 A.2d at 81 (internal citations omitted). DISCUSSION When interpreting the Maryland Rules, we are mindful that they “shall be construed to secure simplicity in procedure, fairness in administration, and elimination of unjustifiable expense and delay.” Md. Rule l-201(a).

Moreover, “we must bear in mind that they are ‘precise rubrics,’ established to promote the orderly and efficient administration of justice, and thus are to be strictly followed.” In re Kaela, 394 Md. 432, 471 , 906 A.2d 915 , 938 (2006) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). We recently discussed the legal bases for the right to a civil jury trial: Articles 5 and 23 of the Maryland Declaration of Rights enshrine the right to a civil jury trial. Article 23 provides specifically, the right of trial by Jury of all issues of fact in civil proceedings in the several Courts of Law in this State, where the amount in controversy exceeds the sum of $15,000, shall be inviolably preserved. Although inviolably preserved, the right to have a civil jury trial may be regulated reasonably: Indeed, it is generally acknowledged that the right to a trial by jury can, for all practical purposes, become meaningless to the individual and burdensome to the state unless the exercise of it is regulated to some extent.

Duckett, 428 Md. at 477-78 , 52 A.3d at 88 (internal quotation marks, footnote, alterations, and citations omitted). Maryland Rule 2-325 regulates this constitutionally guaranteed jury right and provides in part: (a) Demand. Any party may elect a trial by jury of any issue triable of right by a jury by filing a demand therefor in writing either as a separate paper or separately titled at the conclusion of a pleading and immediately preceding any required certificate of service. ²⁷² (b) Waiver. The failure of a party to file the demand within 15 days after service of the last pleading filed by any party directed to the issue constitutes a waiver of trial by jury.

Thus, failure to file a jury demand within 15 days of service of the last pleading constitutes a waiver of the right. Here, Muntjan failed to file a jury demand within 15 days of service of the last pleading after his initial Complaint. Muntjan included a jury demand in his Amended Complaint in which he added Count III. The Circuit Court dismissed, however — and the Court of Special Appeals affirmed the dismissal of — Count III for failure to state a claim.

The jury demand, then, was included in an amended complaint that added no additional counts other than the dismissed Count III. Scarfield argued in the Circuit Court that an amended complaint is not a pleading, relying on the list of pleadings provided in Maryland Rule 1-202. This Rule defines pleading as “a complaint, a counterclaim, a cross-claim, a third-party complaint, an answer, an answer to a counterclaim, cross-claim, or third-party complaint, a reply to an answer, or a charging document as used in Title 4.” 7 Md. Rule 1-202. Thus, asserts Scarfield, the question is settled because there was no pleading to which the jury demand could attach.

We do not read Rule 1-202 quite so narrowly. The Circuit Court reasoned that “[a]n amended complaint is a pleading in the sense that it [is] an amendment of a pleading.” This comports with Rule 2-341, which governs Amendment of Pleadings. That Rule indicates that what is commonly referred