Thelin v. Dorsey

Irving, J., delivered the opinion of the Court. This is a suit for malicious prosecution, brought by the appellee against the appellants. The declaration charges,. 1st. that the defendants “falsely, maliciously, and without-probable cause,” did cause the plaintiff to he indicted in the Criminal Court of Baltimore City, for obtaining money and valuable securities under false pretences from one James H. Buck. 2nd. That they caused him to he indicted in the same Court for forging a certain railroad ticket from Baltimore to Chicago, by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 3rd.

Eor uttering and publishing as true, a certain falsely made, altered and forged railroad ticket, from Baltimore to Chicago, issued by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad Company. 4th. Eor altering a certain railroad ticket from Baltimore to Chicago, and publishing the same as true. And that having so caused him to he indicted, without reasonable or probable cause, he was duly tried and acquitted ; and by means thereof he was greatly injured in his credit and reputation. A plea of not guilty was interposed by the defendants.

Subsequently, by leave of the Court, an additional count ⁵⁴⁴ was added to the narr., charging substantially, that on or about the 28th of December, 1880, the defendants falsely and maliciously, and without probable cause, did cause a certain search warrent to be issued, to search his office for certain forged, altered, erased and manufactured railroad tickets. To this amended declaration, not guilty was pleaded and issue was joined. Yerdict and judgment being in favor of the plaintiff, the defendants appealed. At the trial, five bills of exception were taken to the Court’s rulings, but the view we take of the case will relieve us from considering any of the questions presented by the first four bills of exception.

The only question which we have found it necessary to express our opinion about, arises upon the special exception of the defendants to the plaintiff’s prayers, on the ground that there was no legally sufficient evidence to warrant the granting of any of his prayers so excepted to ; in other words, the appellants contend they had “ abundant probable cause ” for their belief in the guilt of the appellee, and for their action in the premises, and that the Court should have so held and refused the instructions asked by the plaintiff for that reason. The law controlling a case of this kind is so fully and clearly expounded by this Court in Boyd vs. Cross, 35 Md., 197 ; Cooper vs Utterbach, 37 Md., 318 ; Stansbury vs. Fogle, 37 Md., 381 ; Cecil vs. Clarke, et al., 17 Md., 508 ; and Metcalf vs. The Brooklyn Life Insurance Company, 45 Md., 205 ; we have only heed in this case to re-affirm the principles therein announced. In substance those cases determine, that in order to enable a plaintiff to recover in a suit for malicious prosecution, he will be required, in addition to the fact that he was prosecuted and acquitted, to show that he was prosecuted at the instance of the defendants, “ and that such prosecution was both malicious and without probable cause on the part of the defendants.” It is also fully settled in those cases, that “the want of proba ⁵⁴⁵ ble cause is a mixed question of law and fact.” “As to the existence of the facts relied on to constitute the want of probable cause, that is a question for the jury ; but what will amount to the want of probable cause in any case, is a question of law for the Court.” “If the evidence adduced be legally insufficient to be submitted to the jury, to prove each of the elements of the plaintiff’s case,” his action will “be pronounced groundless, and the defendant not be called on for his defense.” Boyd vs. Cross, 35 Md., 196 . All the cases referred to adopt the definition of Judge Washington, in Munns vs. Dupont, 3 Wash.

C. C. Rep., 31 , of probable cause. It is “ such reasonable ground of suspicion, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong in themselves, to warrant a cautious man in believing the party accused to be guilty.” It is wholly immaterial whether the party was guilty or not, if the facts known to the defendant, and only known to him, were such as would warrant “a cautious man” in believing the party was guilty. To ascertain whether such was reasonable ground for defendants’ action did exist, involves a careful review of all the evidence in the cause bearing upon that subject. On the 28th of December, 1880, James H. Buck, a resident of Kansas, was in Baltimore, and desiring a first-class, unlimited ticket from Baltimore to Chicago, testifies, that he went to the appellee, who was a dealer in railroad tickets, on the morning of that day, and told him he wanted a first-class unlimited ticket to Chicago, and that the appellee handed him a ticket, saying, “ that was what he wanted,” for which he paid him $16.00 (the amount demanded) and left, having barely time to reach the 9.30 train which he wished to take.

The ticket was over the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Witness says he did not particularly examine the ticket when it was given him. When the conductor came around he produced the ticket and the same was punched. He then told the conductor that he wanted to stop off at Sir John’s Run.

The con ⁵⁴⁶ ductor told him to read his contract, and he would see he could not stop off. He followed the conductor into the sleeping car and again exhibited the ticket to the conductor, who then examined it, and said he could not receive that ticket, as the date of the limit had been erased. Buck, and Green the train agent, got off at the Relay and returned to Baltimore, where Green took Buck at once to Thelin, the auditor of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad. Thelin was then informed by Buck and Green of all that occurred.

Thelin on examining the ticket, said the limit had been erased, and that he thought he could discover' the word December still visible. He then took Buck to the law office of the B. & O. R. R., where Buck again disclosed all the facts about the matter. Before going to see the company’s counsel, Thelin had examined the records of his office, and found the order returned by the ticket agent at Chicago with his report, as his authority for selling this ticket ta a reduced rate, and that its limit was December 2d, 1880. Upon the disclosure of these facts, Sprigg, the counsel of the company, went with Thelin to the office of the State’s Attorney for Baltimore City, who, upon inquiry into all the facts, said it was a case for the grand jury.

This ticket, upon which Buck started for Chicago, was originally a ticket from Chicago to Baltimore and return. The coupons from Chicago to Baltimore had been used by a passenger coming east, and taken off; and Thelin had them, but had no means of telling at what time they had been used. The ticket reads thus, “Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Company, Ohio & Chicago Division. Special return ticket.

This ticket and the coupons attached entitle the bearer to one trip, on the conditions annexed, to Baltimore, Md. and return. In consideration of the reduced rate at which this ticket is sold, it will not be received for passage after —, 187 —. This ticket is not good unless each check is officially stamped and dated, and is not good to stop-off.” The blank we have left represents the ⁵⁴⁷ erasure, which Thelin knew to have been December 2d, 1880, when the right to travel on that ticket expired. Each coupon on the ticket contained the statement, “Void after date named in contract.

Not good to stop-off,” and “ Baltimore, Md. and return.” Each coupon was at one end of it, marked “Ex. 54,” meaning it was excursion 54, and the number 54 meant the form for the ticket; and stamped across the face of each coupon was “Special.” Stamped on the hack of each coupon was the date of the ticket’s issue, “ September 14th, 1880.” Now, Mr. Thelin knew the plaintiff was, as he has testified that he is, a "large dealer in railroad tickets. It was not natural for him to suppose the plaintiff could not have sold that ticket without seeing it was not an unlimited ticket, as each coupon, and the contract part of the ticket also, said “it is not good to stop-off.” The ticket also, on that very day it was sold, bore discernible traces of erasure of the "limit, and December even could he deciphered by the naked eye, and under glass the whole erasure was visible at a later period. He could not hut suppose so large a dealer in tickets to he familiar with the form§ of tickets, and knew the difference between an excursion ticket like this, bought for one-half the price of an unlimited ticket, and the form of an unlimited ticket. He could hardly think a man in that business would he utterly ignorant of the usages of railroads in respect to the tickets which he was so constantly handling.

Finding such a spurious or altered ticket to have been sold by the plaintiff, it would seem as if fidelity to his employers, whose road was thereby being defrauded, would naturally prompt him to do what he first did, to go at once to the law officer of the company and lay his information before him. At that time Thelin knew of other tickets oyer the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad which had been found altered and tampered with, and which had before that time been sold by the plaintiff. One was a ticket originally reading from ⁵⁴⁸ Wheeling to Fairmount. This is known by the numbers 107 and 92, which are on the ticket, 107 being Wheeling and 92 being Fairmount.

Fairmount was taken off and Baltimore was pasted on, so that the ticket was made to read, “ Wheeling to Baltimore.” Baltimore is station 1. The ticket is of pasteboard thickness, a little over two-inches long and an inch wide. A blue stripe on top edge and a blue stripe on the bottom. The middle stripe was. white.

The blue stripe on top has “Baltimore & Ohio Railroad” on it. The middle stripe has 107 (for Wheeling Station) at left end, and 92 (for Fairmount Station) at right end. In the middle is printed, in large letters, “ Wheeling to,” and on the blue stripe at bottom is the name of station to which the ticket takes the passenger. By some process, the bottom blue stripe, with “ Fairmount” on it, had been taken off, and a Blue strip of paper with “Baltimore” printed on it had been pasted on.

No change had been made in the numbers representing the stations between which the ticket was intended to pass the holder. Eairmount was only 40 or 50 miles east of Wheeling. This ticket went through, and was not discovered to have been forged till after it was. taken up. Another ticket of exactly the same character and description, originally issued to take a passenger from Wheeling to Benwood, the next station to Wheeling, and which. only cost twenty-five cents, had been changed in precisely the same way, by removing “ Benwood ” and pasting on “Baltimore,” thus making a $10 ticket out of a twenty-five cent one.

This ticket had been purchased by a detective and never used on the road. That these two tickets were altered was readily perceived by passing the thumb over their face, in handling. Both the last named tickets had been purchased by a dealer named Frank from the appellee, and this fact was know by Thelin when he went to see the company's attorney. At that time also, Thelin had in his possession certain other tickets which. ⁵⁴⁹ had. been stolen from the road after they had been used and surrendered, and had been again sold.

These he knew to have been in the possession of the appellee, after their larceny, and to have been sold by him. Eleven such tickets were produced at the trial, andaré described in the record as the ragged edge tickets. They are very suspicious in appearance, traces on the edges of former punching being visible. They were issued from Pittsburg to Washington, over Pittsburg and Connellsville road.

The coupons of that road having been taken up on it, leaving the ticket from Cumberland to Washington. Thelin knew also, from Adam Harper, that in October, 1878, he had purchased a ticket from the plaintiff, which he saw the plaintiff alter. That ticket was one of a line of tickets which was issued by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad from Washington to Chicago. The ticket was altered by Dorsey, in presence of Harper, (as he told Thelin and testified in the cause) so as to take him from Baltimore to Chicago, instead of only from Washington to Chicago.

The conductor on the train from Baltimore to Washington discovered the alteration and made him pay his fare to Washington, when Harper was going on it from Baltimore do Washington. Thelin had all this information when he went to the State’s Attorney, in company with Mr. Sprigg, the counsel of the road, whom he had first informed and consulted, and we think he had reasonable grounds for believing the plaintiff had, at least knowingly sold the fraudulent and altered ticket to Buck, and had good cause for consulting counsel on behalf of the road; and that the action of counsel in taking him to the State’s Attorney’s office was a circumstance which might also properly operate on his mind to suppose the case one for examination by the State authorities. The State’s officer so regarded it, and proceeded accordingly. But it is insisted, that Thelin ought to have reported the result of the investigation under the ⁵⁵⁰ search-warrant to the State’s Attorney, which was not done-The search-warrant was prepared hy Sprigg, counsel for the road, and the affidavit upon which it issued was made hy