Tyler v. State

Thompson, J., delivered the opinion of the Court. James LeRoy Tyler, the appellant, appeals a conviction for robbery with a deadly weapon in a case tried before a jury in the Circuit Court for Prince George’s County. He was sentenced to a term of ten years. Rosemary Jackson testified that she was employed by High’s Dairy Store in Suitland, Maryland on June 27, 1967, and that when she and a fellow employee, John Edward Ginger, started to close the store at about 11:00 P.M. Tyler, armed with an automatic pistol, entered the store and demanded money; that he took some money from the cash register in the front of the store, ordered Ginger to the rear where she was located and demanded they produce the balance of the money that was in the store.

His request was complied with after the witness requested Ginger to give him the money. Tyler took and carried away the total sum of $175. The indictment under which Tyler was tried contained seven counts: (1) robbery with a deadly weapon (2) assault with intent to rob with a deadly weapon (3) robbery (4) assault with intent to rob (5) assault and battery (6) larceny and (7) receiving stolen goods. After the State’s case was concluded and in order to clarify the issues for the jury the State’s Attorney entered a nolle prosequi as to all except the first and sixth counts of the indictment.

The court granted a motion to acquit ¹⁶¹ as to the sixth count on the basis that the ownership of the stolen goods was not proven as required by Sippio v. State, 227 Md. 449 , 177 A. 2d 261 . The jury convicted under count one (robbery with a deadly weapon). Tyler first contends that since the counts on which a nolle prosequi were entered and the count on which the court granted a motion to acquit constituted lesser offenses which were necessarily part of the larger one of robbery, his conviction of robbery was improper because it, by reason of merger, constituted double jeopardy or res judicata. He relies on Johnson v. State, 238 Md. 528 , 209 A. 2d 765 and Price v. State, 3 Md. App. 155 , 238 A. 2d 275 .

We considered, and rejected, this identical contention with reference to the counts on which a nolle prosequi was entered after the trial began in Holtz v. State, 1 Md. App. 358 , 230 A. 2d 117 . We held that where the State’s Attorney takes this action to clarify the issues for the jury and a conviction of the greater crime follows at the same trial, double jeopardy and res judicata do not apply. We look to the substance of what occurred and not to mere form. In Price v. State, supra, we applied the doctrine of merger to avoid multiple convictions at the same trial.

The same rule does not apply where there is an acquittal of the lesser crime and a conviction of a greater crime at the same trial, or conversely. Gee v. State, 2 Md. App. 61, 233 A. 2d 336 . Johnson v. State, supra, makes clear that the doctrine applies to inconsistent verdicts of trial judges only where “the appellate court could have no confidence in the judgment of conviction when the judge, by his acquittal of the defendant of one crime appeared to have rejected the only evidence that would have supported his conviction of another.” ( 209 A. 2d 773 ) In the present case the trial judge made clear that his acquittal of the larceny charge was based solely on the lack of proof of ownership sufficient to support that charge. Proof of ownership is not required to support a robbery charge as we shall discuss in the next paragraph.

There is no reason to lack confidence in the action of the trial judge in the present case. The proof of ownership was clearly insufficient to support the charge of larceny, but was quite adequate to support the charge of robbery. ¹⁶² Secondly, Tyler contends that his motion for acquittal of the robbery should have been granted, since the indictment alleged that the goods of which John Edward Ginger was robbed, belonged to Capitol Milk Producers Co-operative, Inc. and the ownership as alleged was not established. We considered and rejected similar contentions in McMillan v. State, 3 Md. App. 699 , 240 A. 2d 765 and in Harrison v. State, 3 Md. App. 148 , 238 A. 2d 153 , 155 in which we said: “So in the instant case, if the evidence was sufficient to show, directly or by inference, that Core Marie Johnson was the lawful possessor of the moneys taken from her, the conviction was proper whether she or Savannah M. Johnson was alleged in the indictment to be the owner. Robbery is larceny from the person, accompanied by violence or putting in fear, Ledvinka v. Home Ins.

Co., 139 Md. 434, 439 , 115 A. 596 , 19 A. L. R. 167 and the appellant agrees that ‘to constitute the crime of robbery, the property need not be taken from the owner. It may be taken from someone who had custody over the property and who had a legal interest or special property interest in the goods,’ citing Richardson v. State, 221 Md. 85 , 156 A. 2d 436 . See also Hadder v. State, 238 Md. 341 , 209 A. 2d 70 ; Hackley v. State, 237 Md. 566 , 207 A. 2d 475 ; Flannigan v. State, 232 Md. 13 , 191 A. 2d 591 . He contends, however, that the evidence in the case before us is not sufficient to prove that Core Marie Johnson had such possession of the moneys taken from her ....

We feel it apparent from the testimony that she was in charge of the store at the time of the robbery, had authorized access to the cash register in making sales of the store merchandise and had custody and control of and responsibility for the moneys in the register.” The evidence here showed that Ginger was an employee of the store with custody of the money and that it was he who handed the money over to the robber. No more is required; the contention is without merit. ¹⁶³ Tyler’s third contention is that since he did not have an attorney at the line-up, his identification at the trial was tainted and therefore not admissible. 1 He relies on United States v. Wade, 388 U. S. 218 , 87 S. Ct. 1926 , 18 L. Ed. 2d 1149 . This objection was raised below prior to the identification by the witness, Rosemary Jackson, and a hearing on the issue was conducted out of the presence of the jury. She testified that on July 18, 1967, some three weeks after the robbery, police officers showed her pictures of seven Negro males, from which she picked Tyler as the robber.

In a line-up conducted the next day she again identified Tyler as the robber. She observed him on October 5, 1967 in custody of the Deputy Sheriff on which date the trial was originally scheduled. She observed him in court again on October 11, 1967, the trial date, and again positively identified him as the robber. She also testified that during the robbery, Tyler stood within two feet of her in good lighting and that her courtroom identification was based upon her observation of him the night of the robbery saying specifically : “Q. Miss Jackson, is your identification of Mr. Tyler based upon anything other than your observation of him on the night of the robbery ? “A. No, it is just that he was the guy that came into the store and then I looked at the pictures and he was in the picture, the same guy, and then when I looked at the line-up I studied the line-up very closely and he was the same guy in the line-up.

That is all I can say. “Q. Is he the same guy here today ? “A. Yes, he is the same guy here today.” The witness further testified: