Hagerstown Elderly Associates Ltd. Partnership v. Hagerstown Elderly Building Associates Ltd. Partnership

RAKER, J. Appellant, Hagerstown Elderly Associates Limited Partnership, is the owner of a public housing facility in Hagerstown, Maryland known as Elizabeth Court. On or about October 14, 1995, a portion of an exterior wall of the eleven-story building fell to the ground. A year later, on October 16, 1996, appellant filed suit in the Circuit Court for Washington County against appellees Hagerstown Elderly Building Associates (HEBA), the contractor that erected the building, and Seaboard Surety Company (Seaboard), the surety on the performance bond filed by HEBA in connection with that construction, to recover the expense of restoring the building and correcting what appellant regarded as deficient work. Vari ³⁵⁴ ous subcontractors were eventually added as third-party defendants.

The Circuit Court granted summary judgment to appellees on the grounds that (1) the action against the contractor, HEBA, was barred by the ten-year statute of repose codified in Maryland Code (1957, 1998 RepLVoL, 2001 Supp.) § 5-108(b) of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article 1 and (2) the action against the surety, Seaboard, was barred by the twelve-year statute of limitations codified in § 5-102. We granted certiorari on our own initiative, prior to any decision by the Court of Special Appeals, to review the issues presented in those rulings. We find no error in the Circuit Court’s granting of summary judgment to HEBA on Count I and shall, therefore, affirm that judgment. We find, however, that the court erred in granting summary judgment to appellees on Count II and shall, therefore, reverse that judgment.

I. Elizabeth Court is a public housing facility for elderly and disabled persons. Construction of the project was financed by the State Community Development Administration (CDA) and the Maryland Housing Fund (MHF), using funds provided by the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development. The construction contract between appellant and HEBA, dated October 22, 1982, required HEBA to provide a payment and performance bond assuring appellant and CDA that the contractual work would be completed, and, in conformance with that obligation, appellees issued such a bond, running jointly to appellant and CDA. The bond obligated appellees, jointly and severally, to appellant and CDA in the amount of $4,284,000 — the construction contract price — for the prompt and faithful performance of the contract, but provided that any suit under the bond must be instituted before the ³⁵⁵ expiration of two years “from the date on which final payment under the Contract falls due.” HEBA subcontracted the installation of the exterior wall system to Novinger’s, Inc. That system, referred to by the parties as an exterior insulation finish system (EIFS), consisted of multiple layers of different materials intended to provide thermal insulation and protection against infiltration of the elements.

The City of Hagerstown conducted a final inspection and issued a Use and Occupancy Permit for the building on December 16, 1983. HEBA and the architect filed a Certificate of Substantial Completion on December 21,1983. On the same day, appellant granted permission for the occupancy of all 110 units of the project. Pursuant to the Certificate of Substantial Completion, HEBA was presented with a “punch list” of final items to be corrected or completed, for which, in accordance with the construction contract, part of the final payment was placed in escrow.

On February 28, 1984, HEBA advised the architect that it had completed all of the items listed on the architect’s final inspection report and requested that the architect reinspect those items so that no escrow would be required at final closing. CDA applied to MHF for insurance of the advance of mortgage proceeds on October 10, 1984. On October 26, 1984, MHF approved an advance of $316,818.00. A final loan closing, for the release of the remaining funds, was set for and took place on November 1, 1984.

Final payment was made to HEBA the following day, on November 2, 1984. On October 14, 1995, an unusually severe storm hit Hagers-town, during which a large section of the exterior wall surface of the building blew out and fell to the ground. After conducting an investigation, appellant concluded that the incident occurred because of faulty construction of the EIFS system, causing the wall surface to debond and eventually fall. Appellant claimed that it had no knowledge, and no reason to know, of the faulty construction until the actual collapse.

On October 16, 1996, appellant filed this suit, seeking in Count I of its ³⁵⁶ complaint to recover against HEBA for breach of contract and in Count II to recover against HEBA and Seaboard under the performance bond. The Circuit Court for Washington County granted summary judgment in favor of appellees on both counts of the complaint. With respect to Count I, the court found that the action was barred by statute of repose contained in § 5-108(b). With respect to Count II, the court declined to apply the two-year statute of limitations provided for in the performance bond, holding that, by virtue of Maryland Code (1957, 1998 Repl.Vol., 2001 Supp.) § 12-104 of the Insurance Article, that provision was against public policy and void. 2 The court concluded that the applicable period of limitations was that set forth in § 5-102(a)(2) — namely, that an action on a bond shall be filed within twelve years of accrual of the cause of action.

Although the court found the two-year limitations period set forth in the bond unenforceable, it looked to that provision to determine the parties’ intent as to when the accrual time commenced, which was “the date on which final payment under the Contract falls due.” Although the court consulted Article 3C of the contract and § 9.9.2 of the General Conditions, it ultimately found dispositive CDA’s October 10, 1984 request for final payment from MHF of the “punch list” items, in which CDA declared its belief that that amount was then “payable.” As the suit was filed twelve years and six days after that date, the court held Count II to be barred by limitations.

II

In this appeal, appellant urges that (1) the statute of repose set forth in § 5 — 108(b) does not bar the action in Count I ³⁵⁷ because it does not apply to breach of contract actions or claims arising out of injury to the property containing the allegedly defective and unsafe condition and (2) the Circuit Court erred in fixing the final payment due date for purposes of the action on the performance bond as October 10, 1984, rather than November 1, 1984. Appellant contends that § 5-108(b) is not applicable for two, somewhat overlapping, reasons. First, appellant claims that the section is directed only at tort actions and not at actions based on breach of contract. The language, it urges, “is expressly couched in the classic terminology of tort, not contract.” Second, it argues that the section applies “only to actions either for personal injury or for damages to real or personal property other than the property containing the defective and unsafe improvement.” (Emphasis added).

It posits that the section “expressly refers only to situations where (a) a defective and unsafe ‘condition’ of an improvement to real property separately causes (b) a separate injury to other real or personal property.” In this setting, it avers, the appropriate limitation period is that set forth in subsections (c) and (e) — three years from when the damage occurred, from when the wall collapsed. With respect to Count II, the action on the performance bond, appellant concedes that the trial court was correct in applying the twelve-year statute of limitations and in finding that the limitations period commenced when final payment to HEBA fell due. Appellant’s only disagreement is over when the final payment fell due. Appellant urges that final payment did not fall due until either October 26, 1984, the date that MHF approved the advance of mortgage proceeds, or November 1,1984, the date of the final loan closing, both dates being within the twelve-year period prior to commencement of the action.

Appellant argues that there were essentially two conditions precedent to final payment: CDA’s approval (which it claims occurred on October 10,1984, when CDA stated in its application for insurance of advance payment that the sum was “now payable”), which itself was conditioned on the prior approval of MHF (which occurred on November 1, 1984). ³⁵⁸ III. Count I: Contract Action Against HEBA Count I of appellant’s complaint, captioned Breach of Contract, alleges that appellant and HEBA entered into a construction contract that obligated HEBA to design and construct the building in accordance with the plans, specifications, and other contract documents, that HEBA warranted, either expressly or impliedly, that its performance would be full, complete, and free from defects, and that the defects sued upon, including the deterioration of the east wall surface, were the direct result of latent defects in the design and construction of the building and the failure of HEBA to perform its work in accordance with the contract, its warranties, and proper construction practices. Section 5-108 sets forth several forms and degrees of limitation on actions for damages arising from defective and unsafe improvements to real property. Section 5-108(a), which we have regarded as a statute of repose rather than one of limitations, places an absolute twenty-year period on actions for damages for wrongful death, personal injury, or injury to real or personal property resulting from the defective and unsafe conditions of an improvement to real property.

No such cause of action accrues when the defective and unsafe condition of the improvement occurs more than twenty years after the date that the entire improvement first became available for its intended use. Section 5 — 108(b), with which we deal here, uses the same format and the same language to impose a ten-year period of repose on actions against an architect, professional engineer, or contractor. It provides: “Except as provided by this section, 3 a cause of action for damages does not accrue and a person may not seek contribution or indemnity from any architect, professional engineer, or contractor for damages incurred when wrongful death, personal injury, or injury to real or personal proper ³⁵⁹ ty, resulting from the defective and unsafe conditions of an improvement to real property, occurs more than 10 years after the date the entire improvement first became available for its intended use.” In addition to these periods of repose, § 5-108 also contains a statute of limitations. Subsection (c) provides that, upon accrual of a cause of action referred to in subsections (a) and (b), an action shall be filed within three years.

Subsection (e), in turn, states that “an action for an injury described in § 5-108 accrues when the injury or damage occurs.” It is clear that Count I of appellant’s complaint, which is against contractors and was based on the defective and unsafe condition of an improvement, was not filed within ten years after the date that the entire improvement — the building— first became available for its intended use in December, 1983, when the City of Hagerstown’s final inspection was completed, a certificate of occupancy was issued, CDA’s permission to occupy all units was issued, and the first occupancy by a tenant occurred. If § 5-108(b) applies, therefore, it would bar the action. The question of whether § 5-108(a) or (b) is limited in its application to tort actions or applies as well to claims for breach of contract or breach of warranty was essentially answered in Rose v. Fox Pool, 335 Md. 351 , 643 A.2d 906 (1994). In that case, the homeowners had purchased an in-ground swimming pool from the respondent, which, pursuant to the contract, had installed the pool in their yard.

The installation occurred in 1971. In 1991, the petitioner, a guest of the homeowners, injured himself when he struck his head during a dive into the pool. Arguing that the pool was defectively designed and was unsafe for diving, the petitioner sued the respondent for negligence, strict liability, and breach of warranty. The respondent defended on the basis of § 5-108(a) — the twenty-year statute of repose applicable to defendants other than architects, professional engineers, and contractors — and obtained summary judgment.

The principal issues before us were whether (1) § 5-108 applied to manufac- ³⁶⁰ turners of consumer goods in product liability actions, and (2) there was a genuine dispute of fact whether twenty years had, in fact, passed between the time that the improvement first became available for its intended use and the petitioner’s injury. In resolving the first issue, we concluded that, under subsection (a), a defendant’s immunity from suit after twenty years did not depend on the defendant’s occupation or on the type of service it provided. Having concluded that § 5-108(a) covered actions against defendants like the respondent, we found the section applicable not only to the negligence and strict liability claims, but to the breach of warranty claim as well. We remanded the case for further proceedings only because of our conclusion, with respect to the second issue, that there was a legitimate dispute of material fact as to whether the action was brought within the allowable twenty-year period.

As we indicated, subsections (a) and (b) are almost identically worded in substance, the only significant difference between them being that, with respect to architects, professional engineers, and contractors, the action must be brought within ten, rather than twenty, years. If subsection (a) applies to breach of warranty actions, perforce so does subsection (b). The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit has reached the same conclusion with respect to § 5-108. In Hartford Ins.

Co. v. American Automatic Sprinkler, 201 F.3d 538 (4th Cir.2000), an action was brought by the appellant, an insurance company subrogee, for damages done to a hotel from the bursting of a water standpipe installed by the appellee. The pipe, which was part of the overall sprinkler and fire-protection system, had been installed in 1982. The appellee had done some repair work to the sprinkler system in January 1996, and the bursting and flooding occurred within a month thereafter. The complaint, which was based on both the initial installation work in 1982 and the repair work in ³⁶¹ 1996, relied on theories of negligence, strict liability, and breach of contract under Maryland law.

See id. at 540 . The principal issue in the case, which reached the appellate court from the granting of summary judgment, was whether § 5 — 108(b) applied to a subcontractor. The court ruled that it did apply and affirmed the judgment of the District Court with respect to the claims based on the 1982 work. That judgment included a barring of the claim based on breach of contract. 4 Cf.

First United Methodist Church v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 882 F.2d 862, 864-65 (4th Cir.1989) (applying § 5-108(a) to a breach of warranty action by a property owner against the manufacturer of asbestos-containing acoustical plaster when the action was filed prior to the enactment of § 5-108(d)). Although many States have adopted statutes of repose with respect to actions based on defective improvements to real property, the statutes vary in terms of what they cover, who is protected, and the time periods allowed. Some statutes expressly exclude breach of contract actions. See, e.g., D.C.Code Ann. § 12-810 (2001); N.M. Stat. Ann. § 87-1-27 (Michie 2001).

Others expressly include breach of contract claims. See, e.g., AlaCode § 6-5-218 (2001); Conn. Gen.Stat. § 52-584a (2001). In those states that have statutes similar in wording to § 5-108, there appears to be a split over whether the statute applies to contract claims.

In Kocisko v. Charles Shutrump & Sons Co., 21 Ohio St.3d 98 , 488 N.E.2d 171 (1986), in an action for damages due to the ³⁶² installation of a leaky roof, the court held that the statute applied only to tortious conduct. A similar result was reached in Kittson Cty. v. Wells, Denbrook & Assoc., Inc., 308 Minn. 237 , 241 N.W.2d 799 (1976), in which the court noted that, although there was no legislative history available to indicate the purpose of the statute, it assumed that the statute was a response to the expansion of liability from elimination of the privity of contract doctrine and found it logical to confine the law to tort actions by persons not in privity with the defendant. In contrast, in Dallas Mkt. Ctr. v. Beran & Shelmire, 824 S.W.2d 218 (Tex.App.1991), the court rejected the notion that the statutes of repose — one for architects and engineers and one for contractors — applied only to tort claims, noting: “The statutes of repose demonstrate legislative recognition of the protracted and extensive vulnerability to lawsuits of building professionals and contractors.

We face this same evil with respect to contract claims based on negligent performance as previously addressed in tort cases. The only limitation in both statutes of repose is that the actions arise out of a defective or unsafe condition of the real property.” Id. at 222 (internal citations omitted). The view of the Texas Court of Appeals in Dallas Market is much more consistent with our holding in Rose and the holdings of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit in Hartford Insurance and First United. As we made clear in Rose , §§ 5-108(a) and (b) were intended to protect architects, engineers, contractors, and others involved in the construction industry from being hauled into court by reason of latent defects that did not become manifest until years after the completion of construction.

In providing that protection, the General Assembly carefully weighed the competing interests and struck the balance noted — ten years for architects, engineers, and contractors and twenty years for others. That protection would be fragile, indeed, if it depended on how a plaintiff chooses to frame and plead its cause of action. As ³⁶³ noted, most cases of this nature involve claims in both tort and contract, all emanating from the assertion that the defendant was in some way negligent in the performance of its contractual duties. The issue should be whether, if the injury or damage arises from the defective and unsafe condition of an improvement to real property, that injury or damage occurs more than ten (or twenty) years after “the date the entire improvement first became available for its intended use,” and not whether the claim is pleaded as one in contract or tort.

Section 5-108(b) speaks of actions for damages when personal ipjury “or injury to real or personal property” results “from the defective and unsafe condition of an improvement to real property.” We can find no justification, in either the wording or the purpose of the statute, for drawing a distinction between situations in which the latent defective condition has caused damage to property other than the property that was the subject of the contract and those in which it has caused damage to the property containing the defective condition. The clear intent of § 5-108(b) was to terminate liability after ten (or twenty) years for the damage caused by the latent delect to any property. Therefore, appellant’s breach of contract claim is