Johnson v. State

hi ld ridge, J., delivered the opinion of the Court. George Robert Johnson was indicted by a Baltimore City grand jury for rape, assault with intent to rape and assault. ¹⁹¹ On the date that his trial was to begin, he filed in writing, under oath, a suggestion that he could not obtain a fair and impartial trial in the Criminal Court of Baltimore, and he requested that the case be removed to another jurisdiction. Johnson set forth no facts or reasons supporting his suggestion. Instead, his counsel argued that Johnson had an absolute right of removal under Article IV, § 8, of the Maryland Constitution.

The trial judge, after a hearing, denied the request for removal. The judge reasoned that the Maryland Constitution gave a criminal defendant an absolute right of removal only in a capital case, and that as a result of court decisions holding unconstitutional the imposition of the death sentence for rape or for assault with intent to rape, the maximum punishment which Johnson could receive would be life imprisonment. Johnson immediately noted an appeal to the Court of Special Appeals, and the trial court declined to proceed with the criminal trial pending the outcome of the appeal. The Court of Special Appeals, agreeing that Johnson had no absolute right of removal, dismissed his appeal.

Because of the importance of the matter, we granted certiorari. Article IV, § 8, of the Maryland Constitution gives a criminal defendant an absolute right of removal to another court if he is charged with an offense which is or may be “punishable by death.” He need do no more than file in writing, under oath, a suggestion that he “cannot have a fair and impartial trial in the court” in which the case is pending. In criminal cases not punishable by death, the constitutional provision requires the defendant to go further and “make it satisfactorily appear to the Court that such suggestion is true, or that there is reasonable ground for the same.” Furthermore, where a party has an absolute right of removal under Article IV, § 8, the denial of that constitutional right is deemed a final order and is therefore immediately appealable. On the other hand, where the request for removal under § 8 involves the discretionary act of the trial court in evaluating the reasons therefor, an order declining to remove the case is not deemed final and immediately appealable.

Griffin v. Leslie, 20 Md. 15 , 19 ¹⁹² (1863); McMillan v. State, 68 Md. 307 , 12 A. 8 (1888); Lee v. State, 161 Md. 430, 433 , 157 A. 723 (1931); Heslop v. State, 202 Md. 123, 126 , 95 A. 2d 880 (1953); Brice v. State, 10 Md. App. 319 , 270 A. 2d 131 (1970). Consequently, if Johnson has been indicted for an offense “punishable by death,” he has an absolute right of removal and may successfully appeal the order denying the request for removal. However, if Johnson has not been charged with an offense “punishable by death,” his request for removal lies within the trial judge’s discretion; the judge’s ruling is not immediately appealable; and Johnson’s appeal was properly dismissed. The pertinent legislation relating to rape, as it now appears in the Maryland Code (1957, 1971 Repl.

Vol.), Art. 27, § 461, provides that a person convicted of rape “shall, at the discretion of the court, suffer death, or be sentenced to confinement in the penitentiary for the period of his natural life, or undergo a confinement in the penitentiary for not less than eighteen months nor more than twenty-one years . . . .” The same provision is contained in the section setting forth the punishment for assault with intent to rape, Art. 27, § 12. This Court, in Bartholomey v. State, 267 Md. 175 , 297 A. 2d 696 (1972), applying the principles set forth in the opinions in Furman v. Georgia, 408 U. S. 238 , 92 S. Ct. 2726 , 33 L.Ed.2d 346 (1972), reh. den. 409 U. S. 902 , 93 S. Ct. 89 , 34 L.Ed.2d 163 (1972), held that “the imposition of the death sentence under any of the presently existing discretionary statutes of Maryland which authorize, but do not require, that penalty is unconstitutional under Furman as violative of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments to the federal constitution.” 267 Md. at 184 . Thus, in Bartholomey we held unconstitutional the existing provisions of Maryland’s criminal statutes (Art. 27, §§ 12 and 461) insofar as they authorized the imposition of the death penalty for rape or assault with intent to rape. The defendant Johnson argues that, notwithstanding the Furman or Bartholomey cases, the existing death penalty provisions in the Maryland criminal statutes have sufficient ¹⁹³ vitality to keep operative the absolute right of removal under Art. IV, § 8.

It is Johnson’s theory that the legislative judgment to make certain crimes punishable by death had a dual purpose: (1) to authorize the death penalty; (2) to classify crimes for certain procedural purposes such as the right of removal or the right to bail. The theory urged by the defendant has been adopted by some courts. E.g., People v. Anderson, 6 Cal. 3d 628, 657 , 100 Cal. Rptr. 152, 172 , 493 P. 2d 880, 899-900 (1972), cert. dismissed 406 U. S. 958 , 92 S. Ct. 2060 , 32 L. Ed. 344 (1972); People ex rel.

Dunbar v. District Court, 500 P. 2d 358 (Colo. 1972); State v. Flood, 263 La. 700 , 269 So. 2d 212 (1972); State v. Holmes, 263 La. 685 , 269 So. 2d 207 (1972); Hudson v. McAdory, 268 So. 2d 916 (Miss. 1972); Jones v. Sheriff, Washoe County, 509 P. 2d 824 (Nev. 1973); State v. James, 30 Utah 2d 32 , 512 P. 2d 1031 (1973); State v. Haga, 81 Wash.