Williams v. State

Scanlan, J., delivered the opinion of the Court. Appellants, Joseph Williams and Ralph Burchett, were charged in a joint indictment with rape, assault with intent to rape, and assault and battery in the Circuit Court for Harford County. * 1 Trial was scheduled before Judge Albert P. Close. Prior to the commencement of trial, appellants moved to challenge the petit jury array, alleging that they had been denied their Sixth Amendment right, as made applicable to the States through the Fourteenth ¹¹² Amendment, to a fair and impartial jury trial, because registered voters between the ages of 18 and 21, who constituted “a large and identifiable segment of the community,” had been excluded from the array of prospective jurors. The trial court denied the motion, following which appellants filed an immediate appeal to this Court.

The court below refused to stay the proceedings pending the appeal on the ground that its order denying the challenge to the array was a nonappealable, interlocutory order. On the morning of the trial, appellants moved in open court to dismiss the indictment for lack of a speedy trial. The trial court also denied this motion and the appellants then appealed from that ruling. On this appeal, appellants contend: (1) that the order denying the motion challenging the array was immediately appealable; (2) that the exclusion of 18 to 21 year old persons from jury service is unconstitutional; and (3) thát they were denied a speedy trial.

In this Court, the State moved to dismiss the appeal from Judge Close’s order denying the motion challenging the petit jury array on the ground that it was an interlocutory order, an appeal from which is premature at this time. For the reasons discussed below, we dispose of the case by granting the State’s motion to dismiss and affirming the decision of the trial court that the appellants have not be,en denied a speedy trial. I THE ORDER DENYING THE CHALLENGE TO THE ARRAY WAS A NONAPPEALABLE, INTERLOCUTORY ORDER Appellants argue that the action of the trial court denying their claim that 18 to 21 year old registered voters had been wrongfully excluded from the jury array was tantamount to the denial of an absolute constitutional right, the denial of which, they argue, is immediately ¹¹³ appealable to this Court. The precise issue has not yet been decided in Maryland.

In at least two other jurisdictions it has been held that a defendant’s challenge to a jury array is not a final judgment from which an appeal may be taken. Kitchens v. State, 144 S.E.2d 368 (Ga. 1965); Green v. State, 462 P. 2d 994 (Alaska 1969). There is analogy also in our decision in Greathouse v. State, 5 Md. App. 675 , 249 A. 2d 207 (1969), where we held that an order denying a motion to dismiss indictments on the ground that they were technically defective was an interlocutory ruling from which an immediate appeal would not lie. Very recently, in Kable v. State, 17 Md. App. 16 , 299 A. 2d 493 (1973), 2 we held that a trial court’s denial of a motion to dismiss an information on the ground that the defendant should have been indicted by a grand jury was an interlocutory, nonappealable order.

These cases illustrate the long recognized “principle that an appeal in a criminal case is premature until after final judgment, viz., that appeals from interlocutory orders of the trial court in criminal cases are not allowed.” Raimondi v. State, 8 Md. App. 468, 470 , 261 A. 2d 40 (1970); Pearlman v. State, 226 Md. 67 , 172 A. 2d 395 (1961). However, there is a qualification to the general rule that no appeal lies in a criminal case except from a final judgment, i.e., an action of the trial court which denies an absolute constitutional right, although seemingly interlocutory, will be reviewed, under certain limited circumstances, without requiring the complainant to proceed to final judgment. McChan v. State, 9 Md. App. 311, 314 , 264 A. 2d 130 (1970). Thus, it is now established that an order denying a motion for a speedy trial is immediately appealable.

Wilson v. State, 8 Md. App. 299 , 259 A. 2d 553 (1969); see also Jones v. State, 241 Md. 599 , 217 A. 2d 367 (1966). We have also permitted an immediate appeal, prior to trial on the merits, from a denial of a motion asserting a violation of the constitu ¹¹⁴ tional right not to be twice placed in jeopardy for the same offense. Brown v. State, 2 Md. App. 388, 394 , 234 A. 2d 788 (1967); McChan v. State, supra at 314. The rationale which supports the qualification of the general prohibition against the appealability of interlocutory orders in criminal cases is the thought that should the defendant in such a case succeed on his motion, he would thereby become entitled to be freed of further proceedings in the cause.

Harris v. State, 194 Md. 288, 294 , 71 A. 2d 36 (1950); Raimondi v. State, supra at 472. In the case at bar, however, even if it were assumed, arguendo, that the jury which was to hear appellants’ case was drawn from an array from which a certain class had been unconstitutionally excluded, the way would still be open for the State to re-indict the appellants and have them tried before a jury panel selected from an array free of the alleged unconstitutional taint. In other words, as Judge Close noted, “the rationale of the speedy trial and double jeopardy cases . . . does not apply since a granting of the motion would not [finally] terminate the proceedings” against the appellants. We decline, therefore, to extend the extremely limited category of exceptions to the general rule that appeals from the interlocutory orders of a trial court in criminal cases are not to be permitted.

As we said in Raimondi v. State, supra at 476: “To hold otherwise would be to sanction that which the court in Lee v. State, supra, deemed so distinctly odious — the stopping of criminal trials by filing appeals from interlocutory orders. If the accused in a criminal case could deprive the trial judge of jurisdiction to try and determine his case by taking an appeal from a nonappealable interlocutory order, then he would be vested with the power to ‘paralyze the administration of justice in the ¹¹⁵ [courts] by the simple expedient of doing what the law does not allow him to do, i.e., taking an appeal from an order which is not appealable.’ ” Nor can the order denying the challenge to the array be converted into an appealable order by virtue of the fact that it is joined with the appeal of an interlocutory order which is appealable, that is, the trial court’s ruling denying the motion for a speedy trial. The precise point appears to be one of first impression in Maryland. At least two other States, however, have repudiated attempts to combine a nonappealable order with an appealable, interlocutory order.

Bloomfield Royalty Corp. v. Carco Investments, Inc., 435 S.W.2d 178, 180 (Tex. Civ. App. 1968); Gordon v. Central Park Little Boys League, 270 Ala. 311 , 119 So. 2d 23, 26 (1960). To hold otherwise might presage the outbreak of a rash of spurious motions to dismiss for lack of a speedy trial filed solely for the calculated